Hitoshi Hashimoto, Kaoru Seiriki, Atsushi Kasai, Takanobu Nakazawa High-speed and high-resolution whole-brain imaging system FAST (block-face serial microscopy tomography)(2018/10/15) Cold Spring Harbor Asia, Advances in Optical Imaging of Living Cells & Organisms: Focus on the Brain(Suzhou, China).
Analysis of mitochondrial sequences for species identification and evolutionary study of slow loris (genus Nycticebus)
Analysis of mitochondrial sequences for species identification and evolutionary study of slow loris (genus Nycticebus)
Wirdateti
In Indonesia three species of the five existed species of genus Nycticebus are found in three major islands of Indonesian archipelagos, N. coucang (Sunda loris) in Sumatra; N. menagensis (Borneo loris) in Borneo; and N. javanicus (Javan slow loris), the endemic species to the island of Java. They are listed in the IUCN Red List as critically endangered, and the Javan slow loris has now been included on a list of the “World’s Top 25 Most Endangered Primates” a fourth time [Mittermeier et al., 2008—2010, 2010—2012, 2012—2014]. Illegal harvesting and trade are the major forces behind the population declines of wild slow lories in Indonesia. The problem arises during confiscations. We often found these animals were found dead, very young or unhealthy, making it difficult to distinguish the species based on morphology. For this reason, it is necessary to develop a reliable DNA marker to identify the species of slow loris. In the Cooperative Research Program 2018, I examined the 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). This study aims to understand the degree of genetic variation between the species and among local populations within the species, to aid future conservation efforts. These results will be valuable as a supportive data in the release and reintroduction of Nycticebus species to the wild without disturbing the gene pool of local populations. This study can also be used for further studies of slow loris evolution in Asia. From 42 samples examined in this study, we obtained 36 sequence data of 16S rRNA with the length of 1640 bp nucleotides for three species: N. menagensis, N. javanicus, and N. coucang. We found 12 haplotypes from 24 N. coucang individuals, whereas in N. javanicus there are four haplotypes from 10 individuals. Only one individual was examined for N. menagensis. For phylogenetic analysis, 35 samples were used because one of the samples from Sumatra (N. coucang, No. 42) showing a strange sequence was excluded. The data analysis was conducted using the MEGA 6.0 program. The results of the phylogenetic analysis showed that 2 samples from the specimens identified as N. menagensis species (N. men 21, N. men 27) were included in the cluster of N. coucang, and the N. men 23 samples were in the N. javanicus cluster, while one sample was N. javanicus (N. jav1) was considered as N. coucang. The nucleotide differences between species were around 55 -81 nucleotides between N. coucang and N. javanicus, around 70-94 nucleotides between N. javanicus and N. menagensis, and round 38 nucleotides between N. coucang and N. menagensis. From this study, I conclude that 16S rRNA gene could be used as genetic marker for identification of species in genus Nycticebus, especially for three species of Indonesia. However, we need more information for other mtDNA region as to genetic variations between and within species of slow loris.
H30-A10 代:松本 正幸 協:山田 洋
マカクザル外側手綱核の神経連絡
マカクザル外側手綱核の神経連絡
松本 正幸 , 山田 洋
嫌悪的な事象(報酬の消失や罰刺激の出現)を避けることは、動物の生存にとって必須である。研究代表者と所内対応者、協力研究者らの研究グループは、マカクザルを用いた電気生理実験により、外側手綱核と呼ばれる神経核がこのような回避行動の制御に関わる神経シグナルを伝達していることを明らかにしてきた(Kawai et al., Neuron, 2015; Kawai et al., Cerebral Cortex, 2018)。このような外側手綱核の回避行動に対する役割をさらに神経回路レベルで理解するためには、外側手綱核が他の脳領域とどのような神経連絡を持ち、そのシグナルがどの領域に伝達されているのか、またどの領域を起源とするのか知る必要がある。しかし、外側手綱核の神経連絡を調べた解剖学的な研究の多くはげっ歯類を対象にしたものであり、霊長類を対象とした研究はほとんどおこなわれていない。 2018年度は、1頭のフサオマキザルの外側手綱核に神経トレーサーを注入し、霊長類の外側手綱核が他の脳領域とどのような神経連絡を持つのかを明らかにしようと試みた。神経トレーサーの注入をおこない、現在は解析を進めているところである。2019年度以降、動物の頭数を増やし、データの信頼性を高める予定である。
H30-A12 代:Aye Mi San 協:Phyu Pyar Tin
Conservation genetics of Myanmar’s macaques? a phylogeographical approach
Conservation genetics of Myanmar’s macaques? a phylogeographical approach
Aye Mi San , Phyu Pyar Tin
The country of Myanmar is part of the important role in rhesus macaque`s distribution range from Afghanistans to the East China Sea, and their phylogeographic study. In 2017 and 2018, we conducted field surveys in Central Myanmar (6 locations), Northern Myanmar (3 locations) and North-western Myanmar (4 locations) where we collected non-invasive samples such as feces and hair samples from macaques. These genetics resources were brought to the Primate Research Institute (PRI), Kyoto University by the permission of “Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Conservation, Forest Department of Myanmar”. We extracted mtDNA and amplified the target D-loop region (1.2kb) from 13 known locations of rhesus macaques from Myanmar. The results showed that at least two clusters of rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) were observed in Myanmar. The northern clade has highly genetic distance (0.072 to 0.085) from Central and North-western clade. Between these two clusters may have different histories, ancient geographic or ecological barriers such as Chindwin River, Ayeyarwady River, mountain ranges, valleys and different climate to prevent gene flows between two clusters. To characterize the phylogeographic position in their distribution range, D-loop sequenced of eight rhesus macaques from Primate Research Institute (5 samples from India and 3 samples from China) and aligned with Myanmar rhesus. These results suggested that Myanmar Northern clade rhesus macaque is clustered in the Indian 1 haplogroup and Central and North-western clade is clustered in Indian 2 haplogroup. Based on our findings, we suggested that Myanmar origin rhesus macaques might be genetically suited for biomedical research similar as Indian origin rhesus macaque. For these reasons, we would like to extend our project to conduct the other parts of Myanmar (Kayah and Mon States) in 2019. The results outcomes from the 2017-18 findings were presented at “Myanmar Biodiversity and Wildlife Conservation” workshop funded by Norwagian Environment Agency dated on 27th- 28th November 2018. The title “Phylogenetic Study of Rhesus Macaque: Advance in Myanmar’s Primatology and Effort to Conservation” was presented by Dr Aye Mi San and Dr Hiroyuki Tanaka.
H30-A13 代:田中 真樹 協:竹谷 隆司 協:鈴木 智貴 協:亀田 将史
行動制御における皮質下領域の機能解析
論文 Takeya, R.,Patel, A.D. & Tanaka, M.(2018) Temporal generalization of synchronized saccades beyond the trained range in monkeys. Front Psychol 9:2172. 謝辞なし
Kunimatsu, J. Suzuki, T.W.,Ohmae,S. & Tanaka, M.(2018) Different contributions of preparatory activity in the basal ganglia and cerebellum for self-timing. eLife 7:e35676 . 謝辞なし
論文 Fujimoto A, Hori Y, Nagai Y, Kikuchi E, Oyama K, Suhara T, Minamimoto T(2019) Signaling incentive and drive in the primate ventral pallidum for motivational control of goal-directed action J Neurosci. 39(10):1793-1804.
学会発表 Nagai Y, Miyakawa N, Ji B, Hori Y, Huang XP, Slocum S, Yan X, Ono M, Shimojo M, English J, Liu J, Inoue KI, Kumata K, Hirabayashi T, Seki C, Fujimoto A, Mimura K, Oyama K, Zhang MR, Suhara T, Takada M, Higuchi M, Jin J, Roth B, Minamimoto T. PET imaging of selective control of neural activity with a novel DREADD agonist(2018/07/26) 日本神経科学学会(神戸).
Minamimoto T A novel ligand C22b enables selective and rapid chemogenetic neuronal modification in monkeys(2018/12/13) Genetic Technologies for Systems Neuroscience in NHP(Bethesda, MD, USA).
Minamimoto T A chemogenetic toolbox for primates(2019/01/29) International Symposium of Brain/MINDs (ISBM2019)(東京).
三村 喬生, 永井 裕司, 井上 謙一, 須原 哲也, 高田 昌彦, 南本 敬史 Using PET imaging to monitor chemogenetic manipulation of nigrostriatal dopamine system in common marmoset(2018/7/27) 日本神経科学学会(神戸).
Effect of the fragmentation on genetic diversity of macaque populations in Central Vietnam
Effect of the fragmentation on genetic diversity of macaque populations in Central Vietnam
Van Minh Nguyen
Due to the diverse habitat environments, Vietnam harbors a high diversity of nonhuman primates with as many as 25 species. Five species of macaques (Macaca fascicularis, M. mulatta, M. leonina, M. arctoides, and M. assamensis) are recognized in our country. However, most of the nonhuman primates in Vietnam are threatened by illegal hunting for foods and medicine, and habitat degradation by human activities. In Central Vietnam, I have been investigating local distribution of macaques and slow loris, and reported about the distribution pattern of them in habitats that were fragmented by plantations of beneficial agricultural products (rubber, coffee, peppers, Acacia, pines, etc.) (Minh et al, 2012; 2013; 2014). We found that population size of those species was small, and that conflict between monkeys and humans and over-hunting were serious problems. However, effect of habitat degradation and human activities on genetic diversity of nonhuman primate populations has not been evaluated so far in Central Vietnam. In this research project, I used fecal samples that I collected during the field survey of macaque distribution conducted in 2012-2017. From September 18th to September 27th, 2019, DNA extraction, PCR products, and mtDNA sequencing of 17 individuals of M. arctoides were done at Dr. Tanaka’s laboratory in PRI, Kyoto University. The results of analyses showed that D-loop sequences of 17 individuals of this species were obtained. In the next time, we will carry out phylogenetic and population genetic analyses using some software to clarify the genetic relationship among local populations of this species living in fragmented habitats. To have these D-loop sequence data, I would like to thank Dr. Hiroyuki Tanaka and PRI, Kyoto University for their kind support.
H30-A16 代:Hadi Islamul
Fish-eating behavior of the macaques : A comparative study of long-tailed macaque and Japanese macaque
Fish-eating behavior of the macaques : A comparative study of long-tailed macaque and Japanese macaque
Hadi Islamul
I conducted field data collection of free-ranging Japanese macaques in Koshima Island of Miyazaki during 22-27 May 2018. The observation including field observation of the macaques and interview persons who may knew the information of Koshima macaques. During field observation, I could only spent two days obervation in Odomari beach, beach-site where fish-eating behavior reported previously, because of the unsup-ported weather condition . I found no individuals of the Japanese maca-ques who visited the beach site of Koshima Island exhibitted fish-eating behavior. Base on the interview , the macaques eat fishes occas-ionaly when the the death fishes harbouring to the beach site. The fishes were discarded fishes from anglers who fishing nearby the island. Compared to those found in long-tailed macaques in Pangandaran of Indonesia, fish-eating behavior may became the same mode as the way to fulfill the nutritional requeriments. Both species, long-tailed and Japanese maca-ques, were obtain the fishes by passive fishing mode, the fishes were death-discarded fishes or stolen from human fish-storages. Pangandaran long-tailed macaques may exhibitted fish-eating behavior than those of Japanese macaques in Koshima more frequently and more individuals those exhibitted the behavior. It may because of the sources of fishes in Pangandaran more available than those in Koshima. The long-tailed maca-que also more frequent to expossed to fishes because of the eastcoast site of Pangandaranwere actively to occupied by human to harb-our the fishing vessel, shorted and transfered the fishes to the fish seller.
Suzuki M, Inoue K, Nakagawa H, Isa T, Takada M, Nishimura Y Deep brain stimulation of the ventral midbrain facilitates the output to forelimb muscles via the primary motor cortex in monkeys(2018年2月26-28) The 3rd International Brain Stimulation Conference(Vancouver).
1) 鈴木迪諒、井上謙一、中川浩、伊佐正、高田昌彦、西村幸男. サル腹側中脳は一次運動野を介して筋出力を促通する. 2018年度次世代脳プロジェクト 2)Suzuki M, Inoue K, Nakagawa H, Takada M, Isa T, Nishimura Y.Deep brain stimulation of the ventral midbrain facilitates the output to forelimb muscles via the primary motor cortex in monkeys. The 3 rd International Brain Stimulation conference.
H30-A18 代:福田 真嗣 協:村上 慎之介 協:谷川 直紀 協:楊 佳約
脳機能におよぼす腸内細菌叢の影響
脳機能におよぼす腸内細菌叢の影響
福田 真嗣 , 村上 慎之介, 谷川 直紀, 楊 佳約
ヒトを含む動物の腸内には、およそ千種類で40兆個にもおよぶとされる腸内細菌が生息しており、その集団を腸内細菌叢と呼ぶ。腸内細菌叢は宿主腸管と密接に相互作用することで、複雑な腸内生態系を構築しており、宿主の生体応答に様々な影響を及ぼしていることが報告されている。近年、無菌マウスを用いた研究や抗生物質を投与したマウスを用いた研究において、腸内細菌叢が脳の海馬や扁桃体における脳由来神経栄養因子(BDNF)の産生量に影響を与え、その結果マウスの行動に変化が現れることが報告されている(Heijtz, et al., PNAS, 108:3047, 2011)。これは迷走神経を介した脳腸相関に起因するものであることが示唆されているため、腸内細菌叢が宿主の脳機能、特に情動反応や記憶力に迷走神経を介して影響を及ぼす可能性が考えられる。しかし、情動反応や記憶力と腸内細菌叢との関係を調べるには、マウスなどのげっ歯類では限界があると考えられることから、本研究では小型霊長類であるコモンマーモセットに着目し、高次脳機能、特に情動反応や記憶力と腸内細菌叢との関係について解析を行った。本年度は高次脳機能評価を行うための課題訓練と、図形弁別課題およびその逆転学習課題を訓練した。さらに、記憶機能を検討するため空間位置記憶課題も訓練した。これらのマーモセットの便を採取し、次世代シーケンサーを用いて腸内細菌叢解析を行った。得られた腸内細菌叢情報と認知機能情報について、相関解析や多変量解析手法を用いてアプローチし、認知機能に関連する腸内細菌叢の探索を行った。その結果、認知機能の高いマーモセット個体と腸内細菌叢との間に相関関係を一部見出すことができたため、今後はより詳細な解析を実施する。
A comparative study in daily activity of colobines under captive condition
A comparative study in daily activity of colobines under captive condition
Muhammad Azhari Akbar
Animal captivity is usually applied to wild animals that are held in confinement, but may also be used generally to describe the keeping of domesticated animals such as livestock or pets. This may include, for example, animals in farms, private homes, zoos and laboratories. So that in the beginning of this study, we observe wild animals to see how they lived in their natural habitat. Then we can see the changes that occur when they are in the cage. By comparing the activity of captive animals with those of wild animals, it can give an explanation how captive environment affect the fundamental ecology of animal. This would useful for improve housing technique and enrich environment.
We study about daily activity of colobine, especially silvery lutung (Trachypithecus cristatus) at Gunung Padang, West Sumatra, Indonesia. We start observing lutung there from August 2018. We have collected 267 hours 10 m observation time using scan sampling method for each individual with the 10-min interval from 07.00 - 18.00. We address observing lutung's activities, moving; feeding; resting; grooming (allo-grooming and auto-grooming). We also found and recorded other activities, such as defecating, urinating, breast-feeding by nursing female, inter and intra-spesicific conflict, playing by juveniles, allo-mothering beetween nursing females and single females. We will conduct the behavioral data until about 800 hours observation time. After we conduct the observation, we will analyse their activity rythm and age-sex differences in activity budget. We also analyse the lutung's food species and food item while feeding. We also analyse age-sex differences in diet.
佐々木哲也、真鍋朋子、中垣慶子、武井陽介、一戸紀孝 Abnormality of postnatal synapse formation/pruning in cerebral cortex of a primate model of ASD(2018年7月26日) 第41回 日本神経科学大会(神戸).
Tetsuya Sasaki, Yusuke Komatsu, Akiya Watakabe, Tetsuo Yamamori Prefrontal-enriched SLIT1 expression in Old World monkey cortex established during the postnatal development.(2019.03.29) the 9th Federation of the Asian and Oceanian Physiological Societies Congress (FAOPS2019) (Kobe).
論文 Suzuki S, Miyabe E, Inagaki S( 2018) Novel brain-expressed noncoding RNA, HSTR1, identified at a human-specific variable number tandem repeat locus with a human accelerated region Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 503( 3): 1478-1483. 謝辞 あり
ニホンザルは霊長類の中でも顕著な広食性である。しかし、雪という物理的要因により、冬季に利用可能な餌資源が限られる豪雪帯に生息するニホンザルは、その樹皮・冬芽食を通して直接的・間接的に植物個体に及ぼす影響は無視できない可能性がある(たとえば、Enari & Sakamaki 2010. Int. J. Primatol. 31:904-919)。そこで、本研究は、豪雪地において、ニホンザルの樹皮・冬芽食の累積効果が、その地域の植物群集組成に及ぼす影響を評価することを目的とした。この評価は、2008年から白神山地に設置しているニホンザルの採食頻度評価のモニタリングサイトにおいて実施し、累積的な採食圧が異なる森林パッチ(5段階に分類)ごとに、毎木調査を行い、植物群集組成を調査した。10m方形区の毎木調査は44か所で実施した。結果は現在解析中であり、累積的な採食圧がもたらす影響を、樹木種の多様度や樹木形態などの観点から明らかにする予定である。なお、上記とは別に実施している個々の採食木のモニタリングによる枯死率や補償成長評価の結果とあわせて、論文として当該研究結果をまとめる予定である。
H30-B9 代:東 超
霊長類の各種の組織の加齢変化
学会発表 Cho Azuma, Takao Oishi, Yuka Kojima, Shiichiro, Oyama, Masafumi Oyama,Takeshi Minami, Mayumi Nishi Characteristics of mineral accumulation in the monkey lungs.(2019年3月27日~29日) 第124回日本解剖学会総会・全国学術集会(新潟).
論文 Haba D, Emura K, Watanabe Y, Kageyama I, Kikkawa S, Uemura M, Arakawa T(2018) Constant existence of the sensory branch of the nerve to the pyramidalis distributing to the upper margin of the pubic ramus. Anat Sci Int 93(4):405-413.
論文 Shiori Miura, Yoshitaka Maeda, Jun Miyamoto, Ena Nakatsukasa, Nobuyoshi Fujisawa, Miki Miwa, Katsuki Nakamura, Kenji Sakimura and Toshikuni Sasaoka(2018) Generation of functional oocytes of common marmoset by xeno-transplantation of ovarian tissue Proceedings of International Symposium on Animal Production and Conservation for Sustainable Development :31-33.
論文 Iritani S, Torii Y, Habuchi C, Sekiguchi H, Fujishiro H, Yoshida M, Go Y, Iriki A, Isoda M, Ozaki N.( 2018) The neuropathological investigation of the brain in a monkey model of autism spectrum disorder with ABCA13 deletion. International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience 71( ): 130-139.
Matsumura K, Imai H, Go Y, Kusuhara M, Yamaguchi K, Shirai T, Ohshima K.( 2018) Transcriptional activation of a chimeric retrogene PIPSL in a hominoid ancestor. Gene 678( ): 318-323. 謝辞あり
Xu C, Li Q, Efimova O, He L, Tatsumoto S, Stepanova V, Oishi T, Udono T, Yamaguchi K, Shigenobu S, Kakita A, Nawa H, Khaitovich P, Go Y.( 2018) Human-specific features of spatial gene expression and regulation in eight brain regions. Genome Research 28( 8): 1097-1110. 謝辞あり
Yasuhiro GO The evolutionary trajectory of spatial transcriptome and epigenome in primate brains(2018年10月3日) The 46th Naito Conference on "Mechanisms of Evolution and Biodiversity"(札幌(シャトレーゼ ガトーキングダム サッポロ)).
Yasuhiro GO Dissectiong the genetic diversity of Japanese marmoset colonies(Oct. 22, 2018.) An ILAR Roundtable Workshop: Care, Use and Welfare of Marmosets as Animal models for Gene Editing-based Biomedical Research.(The National Academies of Sciences (Washington D.C., USA)).
Ken Iwatsuki, Hiroo Imai, Yuzo Ninomiya, Peihua Jiang, Koji Sato Takumi Yamane , Yuichi Oishi Generation of taste organoid from non-human primate(2018年9月) ECRO meeting(ビュルツブルグ(ドイツ)).
Ken Iwatsuki Introducing in vitro culture system into researches of endoderm-derived cells(2018年12月2日) 味覚嗅覚の分子神経機構(九州大学).
a) チンパンジーナイーブ型iPS細胞の開発 現時点で最も有望なナイーブ型への変換方法であるchemical resettingをチンパンジーiPS細胞に適用した。一過性にはナイーブ様の細胞が出現するものの、維持培養することができなかった。いずれかの分化シグナルの阻害が必要であると考えており、引き続き取り組んで行きたい。
b) チンパンジープライム型iPS細胞からの異種間キメラ動物作製 前年度の段階でチンパンジープライム型iPS細胞に抗アポトーシス因子であるBCL2を発現させたところ、マウス胚において最長で9.5dpcまでの移植細胞の寄与が認められることを確認していた。キメラ個体を組織学的に検証したところ、移植されたチンパンジー細胞がホスト胚の組織に統合されていないことが示唆された(添付資料図1)。そこで、各発生段階におけるチンパンジー細胞のキメリズムとキメラ率を測定し、どの段階で問題が起きているかを検証したところ、発生の進行に伴いキメラ率、キメリズムともに急速に低下することがわかった(図2)。これ以上のキメラ率向上にはドナーあるいはホストの遺伝的な改変が必要であると予想している。ブタ胚とのキメラではより進んだ発生段階までドナー細胞が生存していたことも示唆的である(図3)。どのような改変が必要かは現在検討中である。
論文 Nami Arakawa, Daisuke Utsumi, Kenzo Takahashi, Akiko Matsumoto-Oda, Atunga Nyachieo, Daniel Chai, Ngalla Jillani, Hiroo Imai, Yoko Satta, Yohey Terai(2019) Expression changes of structural protein genes may be related to adaptive skin characteristics specific to humans Genome Biology and Evolution 11:613-628. 謝辞あり
Nami Arakawa Acquisition of Human-specific Characteristics of Skin through Gene Expression Changes (Poster)(2018年7月11日) The annual meeting of the Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution(パシフィコ横浜).
Nami Arakawa Acquisition of Adaptive Characteristics in Human Skin through Gene Expression Changes(2018年10月4日) 第46回内藤コンファレンス(シャトレーゼガトーキングダムサッポロ).
Transposable element derived Mirco RNA analysis in various primate tissues
学会発表 Hee-Eun Lee, Hiroo Imai, Heui-Soo Kim Analysis of Transposable Element derived miRNA-625-5p in Primates( 2018.11.29) IJCGM 2018( Seoul, Rep. of Korea).
Hee-Eun Lee, Hiroo Imai, Heui-Soo Kim Analysis of Long Interspersed Element derived miRNA 625-5p( 2019.02.14) The Korean Society for Microbiology and biotechnology( Gyeong-ju, Republic of Korea).
Transposable element derived Mirco RNA analysis in various primate tissues
Heui-Soo Kim , Hee-Eun Lee
Hearing is one of important skill in evolutionary studies. According to Clark et al. 2003, there were six hearing related genes(Table.1) and we chose EYA1 gene to select its target microRNA(miRNA) which is miR-195-5p (Fig.1).Pink box is showing where miR-195-5p is located among EYA1 gene, and miR-195-5p is one of the miRNA that targets EYA1 gene. RNA hybrid (Fig.2) and alignment was proceeded (Fig.3) for miR-195-5p and EYA1 gene.The lower MFE value means binding between the gene and miRNA is stronger. Figure 4 is showing the conservation of miR-195 among various species. miR-195-5p is well conserved in primates, cow, dog and rat. Additionally, one of important factor, transcription factor binding sites(TFBS) near miR-195 was analyzed. Table 2 is showing the list of TFBSs near miR-195. The relative expression analysis of miR-195-5p and EYA1 gene was proceeded by quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR). The result shows that in eastern chimpanzee, kidney showed highest expression in miR-195-5p, on the other hand, kidney showed lowest expression in EYA1 gene. The result of Western chimpanzee shows that kidney and ovary is one of the lowest expressed tissue for miR-195-5p, on the other hand, EYA1 gene expression was very high in ovary. Usually, miRNA inhibits the expression of target gene, and the expression pattern between miRNA and its target gene is contray to each other. According to qPCR data, co-transfection in primate celllines might provide the better understanding between EYA1 and miR-195-5p.
Functional characterization of bitter taste receptors in Asian Leaf-eating Monkeys
学会発表 Laurentia Henrieta Permita Sari Purba, Kanthi Arum Widayati, Sarah Nila, Kei Tsutsui, Nami Suzuki-Hashido, Takashi Hayakawa, Bambang Suryobroto, Hiroo Imai A story of Bitter Taste Perception in Folivorous Primates(28 March 2018) Health Ingredients South East Asia International Conference(Jakarta).
Functional characterization of bitter taste receptors in Asian Leaf-eating Monkeys
Laurentia Henrieta Permita Sari Purba
Leaf-eating monkeys (Subfamily Colobines) are unique among primates because their diet mostly consisted of leaves that perceptually tasted bitter to human. We confirmed that Asian colobines (Trachypithecus sp., Presbytis sp. and Nasalis sp.) were all less sensitive to PTC compared with macaque both in behavioral detection and cell assay. In addition we found four Asian colobine specific amino acid mutations (V44I, Q93E, I148F, and R330K) that revealed in comparison with human, chimpanzee and macaque TAS2R38 receptors. By calcium imaging, we measured the responses of cell expressing mutant TAS2R38 of macaque mimicking colobine and confirmed that double-, triple- and quadruple- site mutations are less sensitive to PTC compare to the wild type. Last year, we did behavioral experiment in African colobines (C. angolensis and C. guereza) in parallel with functional assay. The sensitivity of TAS2R38 of African colobine are variable compare to their Asian relatives. In cellular level, all TAS2R38 of African colobines were showed lower sensitivity to PTC compare to the TAS2R38 of Japanese macaque. Based on amino acid comparison of their TAS2R38 to the macaque and Asian colobines, we found some amino acid mutations specific in the TAS2R38 of African colobines. Thus, we predict that low sensitivity of the African colobine monkeys are partially caused by those mutations. In addition, we also functionally characterized the TAS2R14 of macaque and colobines. TAS2R14 receptors of macaques and colobines showed no response to several known bitter ligands that activate human TAS2R14 such as aristolochic acid, flufenamic acid and caffeine. There are no amino acid differences in the known binding site positions of TAS2R14, thus we predict that the difference in sensitivity between the TAS2R14 of human and old world monkeys caused by amino acid deletion in human lineage. On the other hand, since we used the difference expression vector (pEAK10) for preparing the TAS2R14 of macaque and colobines than previously done in human TAS2R14 (pcDNA5.1), the no response might be caused by the failure of expression of the receptors in the cell membrane.
学会発表 K Itoh*, S-I Nishioka, I Kobayashi, Y Matsuzaki, K Iino, S Nadanaka, M Kasashima-Sumitani, T Hidaka, D Tsuji, Sezutsu, H Kitagawa, K Yamamoto. A novel glycotechnology to produce human lysosomal enzyme carrying synthetic N-glycans with terminal mannose 6-phosphate residues and application to eyzyme replacement therapy for lysosomal storage diseases.( 2018 Feb.) World Symposium 2018( San-Diego, CA, USA).
ヒト特有の高次機能をもたらす分子機構とその破綻こそがアルツハイマー病等の神経変性疾患の原因であるという仮説のもとに、チンパンジーとヒトのiPS細胞由来神経細胞の比較解析を目的としている。ヒトiPS細胞およびチンパンジーiPS細胞から神経細胞を分化誘導し、免疫染色による神経細胞マーカーの解析と平面微小電極アレイ計測システム(MED64-Basic、Alpha Med Scientific)を用いた神経活動の評価を行った。ヒトiPS細胞由来神経細胞およびチンパンジーiPS細胞由来神経細胞の両者において、薬剤応答性を含む機能的な神経ネットワークが形成されていることが示された。これらの比較解析により霊長類神経系の機能解明とヒト疾患解析への応用に有用である可能性が考えられた。
論文 Takano, T., Nakatsukasa, M., Kunimatsu, Y., Nakano, Y., Ogihara, N., and Ishida, H. (2018) Forelimb long bones of Nacholapithecus (KNM-BG 35250) from the middle Miocene in Nachola, northern Kenya Anthropological Science 126:135-149.
Kunimatsu, Y., Nakatsukasa, M., Shimizu,D., Nakano, Y., Ishida, H.(2019) Loss of the subarcuate fossa and the phylogeny of Nacholapithecus Journal of Human Evolution 131:22-27. 謝辞あり
Handa, N., Nakatsukasa, M., Kunimatsu, Y.,Nakaya, H.(2019) Additional specimens of Diceros (Perissodactyla, Rhinocerotidae) from the Upper Miocene Nakali Formation in Nakali, central Kenya Historical Biology 31(2):262-273.
Tsubamoto, T., Kunimatsu, Y., Sakai, T., Saneyoshi, M., Shimizu, D., Morimoto, N., Nakaya, H., Handa, N., Tanabe, Y.,Manthi, F.K., and Nakatsukasa, M.(2020) A new species of Nyanzachoerus (Mammalia, Artiodactyla, Suidae, Tetraconodontinae) from the upper Miocene Nakali Formation, Kenya Paleontological Research 24(1):41-63.
Handa, N., Nakatsukasa, M., Kunimatsu, Y., and Nakaya, H.(2018) Brachypotherium (Perissodactyla, Rhinocerotidae) from the late Miocene of Samburu Hills, Kenya Geobios 51(5):391-399.
H30-B42 代:Kevin William McCairn 協:Kendall Lee 協:Taihei Ninomiya
Multi-Dimensional Analysis of the Limbic Vocal Tic Network and its Modulation via Voltammetry Controlled High-Frequency Deep Brain Stimulation of the Nucleus Accumbens
Multi-Dimensional Analysis of the Limbic Vocal Tic Network and its Modulation via Voltammetry Controlled High-Frequency Deep Brain Stimulation of the Nucleus Accumbens
Kevin William McCairn , Kendall Lee, Taihei Ninomiya
論文 Hirata A*, Miyamoto Y, Kaneko A, Sakai H, Yoshizaki K, Yanai T, Miyabe-Nishiwaki T, and Suzuki J.( in press) Hepatic Neuroendocrine Carcinoma in a Japanese Macaques (Macaca fuscata). J. Med. Primatol. 48:137-140. 謝辞 あり
【論文発表】 肝臓原発の神経内分泌癌のニホンザルの症例について論文発表した(Hirata A et al., J. Med. Primatol., 48(2), 137-40, 2019)。サル類において、肝臓の神経内分泌腫瘍はヒヒにおいて報告されているのみで、マカクでは初めての報告である。詳細な血液検査データと病理解析結果を提示した貴重な報告であり、サル類の臨床診断技術の向上に資すると考えられる。
The relationship between gut size and torso anatomy
The relationship between gut size and torso anatomy
Jeanelle Uy
The gut (gastrointestinal tract) is a unique example of a visceral structure that is thought to have driven changes to postcranial dimensions. A longstanding assumption within paleoanthropology is that the torso skeleton, particularly the ribcage and pelvis, reflects organ size; however, no data exists in the literature that directly links soft tissue (guts) to hard tissue (bones). The purpose of this project is to determine if gut size is related to torso morphology. We will test if the bony anatomy of the ribcage and pelvis is related to gut size in anthropoids. Thoracic measurements were obtained from Homo, Hylobates, Pan, Pongo, Gorilla, Macaca, and Cebus skeletons. Existing whole abdomen scans from humans (n=89) were obtained from my institution (UW-Madison) and existing scans of Cebus (n=8) were obtained from KUPRI.We found that Homo has unique thorax form and gut form that is distinguished from other nonhuman primates, but the nonhuman primates in our study overlapped in both thorax form and gut size. We also found male humans tend to have gut volumes that are correlated with pelvic variables, but we do not find any relationships between the pelvis and gut volume in females. There is a small but significant correlation between caudal thorax breadth and gut volume in humans. We did not find any relationship between gut volume, caudal thorax size, and body size in Cebus. Variability in gut volume within Homo sapiens and Cebus is high and equivalent. Variability in gut volume that cannot be explained by body size is higher in females than in males in Homo sapiens. In conclusion, the human ribcage, gut, and pelvis have complex relationships with each other; human females differ in their relationship with the torso skeleton and gut size possibly due to spatial demands of gestation or metabolic demands of gestation and lactation.
H30-B51 代:澤野 啓一 協:田上 秀一
CTを用いたニホンザルの頭蓋底と眼窩を通過する血流、及び頭部静脈血還流路に関する研究
学会発表 Sawano K1,3,7, Tanaka T2, Yokoyama T4, Yoshikawa S4, Ohira H1,, Nakagawa K1,, Yamamoto I1,, Hagiwara H8, Hasegawa I1, HamadaY6, Nakatsukasa M5, Inoue T3, Yamada Y1 , Kato S2 The Quadrangulus-OJ-FM clearly shows the difference between humans and apes in projections to both the Frankfurt and the Sagittal planes(October 19th-22nd, 2018) 72nd Annual Meeting of the Anthropological Society of Nippon (Mishima、Japan).
学会発表 Hasegawa A, Fujikawa T, Ganbaatar U, Nagano Y, Masuda T, Tanaka Y, Akari H, Kannagi M. Impaired T-cell responses in natural infection of STLV-1 as a primate model of immune suppression in HTLV-1 infection.(2018.09.27) 第 77 回日本癌学会学術総会(大阪).
"Positional, dimorphic and obstetric influences on pelvic shape in primates"
論文 Betti L and Manica A(2018) Human variation in the shape of the birth canal is significant and geographically structured. Proc Roy Soc B B 285:20181807 (DOI:10.1098/rspb.2018.1807).
Wroe S, Parr WCH, Ledogar JA, Bourke J, Evans S, Fiorenza L, Benazzi S, Hublin J-J, Stringer C, Kullmer O, Rae TC, Yokley T(2018) Computer simulations show that Neanderthal facial morphology represents adaptation to cold and high energy demands, but not heavy biting. Proc Roy Soc B285:20180085.
"Positional, dimorphic and obstetric influences on pelvic shape in primates"
Lia Betti , Todd C. Rae
Our proposal was to develop a test of the relative importance of locomotion, habitual posture, and obstetric-related selective pressures in shaping the pelvis and birth canal in humans and other primate species. Adaptation for bipedalism in our lineage led to a shorter and more compact pelvis with a narrower pelvic canal, while increased encephalisation meant a larger neonatal head and the need for a more spacious birth passage, leading to an evolutionary conflict (“obstetrical dilemma”) and a tight fit between the size of the newborn and the size of the birth canal. Recent biomechanical studies, however, contradict the assumption that a wider pelvis would reduce locomotor efficiency, suggesting that other factors might be constraining the size of the human birth canal. The new comparative analysis we have proposed is designed to address the importance of locomotion, posture and obstetric requirements in shaping the pelvis across primate species, using an improved and innovative methodology. We plan to use 3D landmarks and semilandmarks derived from virtual 3D reconstructions based on CT scans of articulated pelves to achieve a high-definition representation of the shape of the pelvis and birth canal in a variety of catarrhine and strepsirrhine species. To do so, we sought funds from the Kyoto University Cooperative Research Program to begin pilot work and to obtain the necessary additional funding. As travel to the PRI was not possible immediately, we purchased some of the essential reference works necessary to derive the locomotor and postural and other behavioural data with the funds that were provided. In addition, we purchased large hard drives required to store the huge digital files that result from the full-body CT scans required for the project. Using these tools, we began to put together a database using previously obtained scans of cadaveric material of male and female chimpanzees (genus Pan) from the KUPRI Digital Morphology Museum, to compare with Homo sapiens which we were able to obtain from the Visible Human Project. A small preliminary analysis was performed by manually segmenting the scans Avizo ver. 8. The resulting data were analysed (Procrustes fit, PCA of superimposed landmarks projected in Euclidean space) using Morphologika (O’Higgins and Jones, 1999). The plot of the first two PCs (Fig. 2) shows that the sexes are differentiated in a similar way in these species, suggesting that sexual shape dimorphism is captured effectively by the landmark configuration and is present in both species. These encouraging preliminary results indicate that the methodology is sound and that the study stands a very good chance of producing substantial outcomes. We have used this pilot study as a basis for applying for additional funds, and have already secured a grant totalling £8,950 (¥1,308,101) over two years from the Great Britain Sasakawa Foundation, and we are awaiting news of a Leakey Foundation application for $19,277 (¥2,153,364).
学会発表 Kimiko Shimizu Mechanism of circadian regulation of long-term recognition memory(2018. 11. 29-30) International Conference of the Genetics Society of Korea (ICGSK)(Seoul, Korea).
霊長類における概日時計と脳高次機能との連関
清水 貴美子 , 深田 吉孝
我々はこれまで、齧歯類を用いて海馬依存性の長期記憶形成効率に概日変動があることを見出し、SCOPという分子が概日時計と記憶を結びつける鍵因子であることを示してきた (Shimizu et al. Nat Commun 2016)。本研究では、ヒトにより近い脳構造・回路を持つサルを用いて、SCOPを介した概日時計と記憶との関係を明らかにすることを目的とする。 ニホンザル6頭を用いて、苦い水と普通の水をそれぞれ飲み口の色が異なる2つのボトルにいれ、水の味と飲み口の色との連合学習による記憶効率の時刻依存性について実験をおこなった。各個体あたり、朝/昼/夕の何れかに試験をおこない、学習から24時間後にテストを行う。ボトルをセットしてから最初の一口目が正解(普通の水)だった場合にポイントを加算する方式で、6頭の記憶テスト結果を評価したところ、昼に有意に記憶効率が高いという結果が得られた。さらに、昼の記憶効率の高さにSCOPが関わっているかどうかを確かめるために、6頭のうちの2頭の海馬にSCOP shRNA発現レンチウイルスまたはコントロールレンチウイルスを投与し、昼の時刻の記憶効率を測定した。コントロールレンチウイルスを投与したサルは、何も投与していないサルの昼の時刻と同程度の記憶効率を示したが、SCOP shRNA発現レンチウイルスを投与したサルは、著しく記憶効率が低下していた。このテストは各個体につき5回おこない、一定の傾向が見られたと判断し、次年度は論文投稿準備と補強データのための実験を行う予定である。
論文 Sellers WI, Hirasaki E(2018) Quadrupedal locomotor simulation: producing more realistic gaits using dual-objective optimization. Royal Society Open Science 5:171836. 謝辞謝辞あり
学会発表 Sellers WI, Hirasaki E. Analysing Primate Grip Shapes Using Geometric Morphometrics.(2018) European Society for the Study of Human Evolution. (Faro, Portugal.).
Hirasaki E., Sellers WI. Effects of lateral stability on generated walking gait in a chimpanzee musculoskeletal model.(2018) The 72nd Annual Meeting of the Anthropological Society of Nippon(Mishima, Japan).
The comparative biomechanics of the primate hand
William Sellers
This project forms part of our ongoing research into the biomechanics of primates. In the last year we added a new modality to our experimental protocol and measured the pressures acting on the substrate due to the grip the monkey was using. This was combined with our now standard approach of using markerless motion capture to record the kinematics of the fingers during grip. We have improved our methodology in this respect by changing the camera positions and improving the precision of the calibration objects. It is always challenging to incorporate extra information in an experiment and in particular there are difficulties with synchronising the different data streams and spatially aligning the data. We performed a large number of trials on two experimental monkeys due to the requirement for the animal to place his hand cleanly onto the centre of a relatively small pressure sensing mat whilst being filmed with our eight camera setup. Vertical climbing in particular is difficult experimentally because it is almost impossible to get a good view of the experiment and this is something that we are planning to improve upon this coming year. Even so we have reasonable coverage for two tasks: vertical climbing and horizontal walking on 50 mm poles. The challenge is now one of data analysis. The pressure data is in cylindrical coordinates due to being wrapped around the pole and we will need to produce a customised analytical workflow to accommodate this. However we are confident that the combination of techniques will allow us to isolate the contributions due to the individual fingers and other parts of the hand during locomotion which has important implications in terms of the form-function relationship, and will make an important contribution to primate biomechanics. We have presented the initial data at both the European Society for the Study of Human Evolution and the Anthropological Society of Nippon and will be preparing a manuscript for publication this year.
Makoto Yoshida, Tetsuya Hakuta, Kazunori Hase, Eishi Hirasaki Effect of the position of the center of mass on quadruped gaits(2018年7月12日) 8th World Congress of Biomechanics(Dublin, Ireland).
論文 Doi, N., Miura, T., Mori, H., Sakawaki, H., Koma, T., Adachi, A., and Nomaguchi, M.(2018) CXCR4- and CCR5-Tropic HIV-1 Clones Are Both Tractable to Grow in Rhesus Macaques. Front. Microbiol. 9:2510.
論文 Blickhan, R., Andrada, E., Hirasaki, E., Ogihara, N.(2018) Global dynamics of bipedal macaques during grounded running and running Journal of Experimental Biology 221:jeb178897.
Ogihara, N., Hirasaki, E., Andrada, E., Blickhan, R(2018) Bipedal gait versatility in the Japanese macaque (Macaca fuscata) Journal of Human Evolution 125:2-14.
Genetic characterization of bitter taste receptors in Sulawesi macaques
学会発表 Widayati KA, Yan X, Suzuki-Hashido N, Purba LHPH, Bajeber F, Suryobroto B, Terai Y, Imai H Sensitivity to Bitter Molecule Phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) in Four Species of Sulawesi Macaques( September 22-24, 2018) 10th International Symposium on Primatology and Wildlife Science.(Science Seminar House, North Campus of Yoshida Campus, Kyoto University).
Genetic characterization of bitter taste receptors in Sulawesi macaques
Kanthi Arum Widayati , Yohey Terada
Sulawesi Macaques are unique because they distributed allopatrically with restricted parapatry in the Sulawesi island. While they showed considerable morphological variation among themselves despite that they inhabit relatively small total area, there is no data about their phenotypes that involved in perceiving environmental signals, such as bitter perception. The purpose of this research aims to characterize one of the best-studied bitter taste receptors TAS2R38 in four species of Sulawesi macaques, Macaca nigra, M. tonkeana, M. hecki and M. nigrescense. TAS2R38 mediates the perception of the bitterness of phenylthiocarbamide (PTC). So far we found there are polymorphisms in behavior response between four species, where all individuals of Macaca hecki are sensitive to PTC while a few individuals of M. tonkeana, M. nigra and M. nigrescense are not sensitive to PTC. The genetic bases of PTC non-sensitive phenotype are different in each species. By direct sequence and functional assay, we confirmed that pseudogenization were caused in PTC non-sensitive in. M. nigra and M. nigrescense, while nonsynonymous amino acid substitutions were responsible for PTC-non-sensitivity in M. tonkeana. The mechanism of PTC-non-sensitivity in M. tonkeana was similar with human. In human, PTC-non-sensitive phenotype was inversely correlated with sensitivity to bitterness of Antidesma bunius fruit. Thus, we expect that PTC-non-sensitive TAS2R38s in M. tonkeana are responsible to detect another bitter ligand molecules.More over, we found that one the PTC-non-sensitive haplotype in M. tonkeana is shared with M. nemestrina. This information will help new findings of receptor binding sites and speciation of Sulawesi macaques.
H30-B67 代:Bambang Suryobroto
Genomic Evolution of Sulawesi Macaques
Genomic Evolution of Sulawesi Macaques
Bambang Suryobroto
Sulawesi macaques consist of seven species of genus Macaca that allopatrically and endemically in Sulawesi Island, Central Indonesia. Because Sulawesi Island lays beyond the easternmost boundary of Oriental zoogeographical realm, their ancestor(s) should cross the Wallace Line waterways to reach the Island. The mode of speciation between the seven species is inferred to be speciation with gene flow. In the present research we determined the exonic sequences of two individuals each of all the seven species; that is M. nigra, M. nigrescens, M. hecki, M. tonkeana, M. maurus, M. ochreata and M. brunnescens. Taking M. nemestrina as outgroup and using the neighbor-joining method of clustering, the data from all synonymous sites of the exome shows that they are monophyletic and the tree topology reflects the geographical distribution of the seven species. The northern species consists of M. hecki, M. nigrescens and M. nigra; the southern species consists of M. maurus, M. tonkeana, M. ochreata and M. brunnescens. The calculated length of differentiation is very small so we think that soon after the ancestor migrated to Sulawesi Island they diverged into the seven species. From result of FY 2017, we found that M. hecki and M. tonkeana had been split at about 50000 generations ago; by assuming generation time of 6.5 year, it coincided with the peak of interglacial period at 325000 years ago (ya). By detecting single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) within the exons, there is excess of rare variants that indicates an ancient bottleneck event from 387 kya to 345 kya. The event occurred when earth was entering glacial period within which sea surface temperature declined by about 2 to 4 degC and sea levels went down to about -40 to -100 m from present levels.
論文 Kashiwagi, K., Tsuji, Y., Yamamura, T., Takai, M. and Shimizu, M. (2018) Presence of feces in the abandoned Nokado Mine, Tochigi Prefecture of Central Japan, Provides further evidence of cave use by Japanese macaques Primates Research (霊長類研究) 34(1):79-85. 謝辞あり
論文 Kanthi A Widayati, Atsuko Saito, Bambang Suryobroto, Akichika Mikami, Kowa Koida(2019) Color Perception in a Female Macaca fascicularis with Protanomalia i-Perception 10(2):https://doi.org/10.1177/2041669519846136. 謝辞あり
H30-B82 代:Leonardo C?sar Oliveira Melo 協:Maria Ad?lia Borstelmann de Oliveira 協:Anisio Francisco Soares
Absorption and bioavailability of gum’s compounds used by marmoset in field and laboratory conditions
Absorption and bioavailability of gum’s compounds used by marmoset in field and laboratory conditions
Leonardo Cesar Oliveira Melo , Maria Ad?lia Borstelmann de Oliveira, Anisio Francisco Soares
The marmosets (Callithrix spp.) are an obligate gum eater (exudativore). Their morphological, physiological, behavioral and genetic traits are extremely adapted to gum foraging and feeding. However, marmosets in captive colonies have not been fed with gum resources enough (i.e., fruit-based diet, like other primates). Recent e?ort of animal welfare and environmental enrichment in captive colonies including Japan Monkey Centre (JMC) has changed the diet menu to “natural” repertoire using Arabic gum (Acacia senegal, Fabaceae), which is easily available in the food supply. Arabic gum led to positive improvements of the marmoset behavior and health. However, Arabic gum is native to Sub-Saharan Africa, where is not a natural habitat of marmosets, that is, south America. In this study, we aim to replicate the more natural diet condition in captive marmosets. Adult captive common marmosets (C. jacchus) in JMC have everyday eaten 3 g dried Arabic gum. We selected two Brazilian gum species “barauna” (Schinopsis brasiliensis, Anacardiaceae) “angico” (Anadenanthera peregrina, Fabaceae) and fed 2 JMC common marmosets with these gum species. We recorded their feeding behavior using video camera and collected feces for microbiome analysis. We first supplied barauna for 7 days, put interval (basically Arabic gum) for 14 days, then supplied angico for 7 days, and fnally reverted Arabic gum feeding. One marmoset eventually accepted both barauna and angico, but another did not all the gum. Food choice tests also supported gum species and individual di?erence of diet preference. In conjunction with further analysis of behavior recoding, we are going to analyze microbiome ?uctuation related to the supplied gum change because gum is a major recourse of fber digested by gut bacteria. These results will be an important reference to improve captive marmoset welfare.
H30-B89 代:Brittany Kenyon 協:Noreen von Cramon-Taubadel 協:Stephen Lycett
Morphological and Taxonomic Distinction in Macaca: a 3D Geometric Morphometric Analysis of the Skeleton
Morphological and Taxonomic Distinction in Macaca: a 5D Geometric Morphometric Analysis of the Skeleton
Brittany Kenyon , Noreen von Cramon-Taubadel, Stephen Lycett
The purpose of my project is to determine whether or not skeletal variations aid in taxonomic assessment of primates and to what extent these variations can determine species-level taxonomy. Secondarily, I am exploring if these variations are most likley caused by diet, locomotion, or climate. To do this, I am collecting 3D scans of skeletal elements of several species of macaques, given that macaques have the widest geographic range of any primate aside from humans and wide behavioral differences between speices. Final analysis will not be complete until May 2020, though preliminary anaylsis suggests that the scapula and os coxa may be better taxonomic indicators that previously thought. In a MDS (multidimensional scaling) test based on Procrustes matrices, the scapula is actually the best taxonomic indicator, which is surprising since previous research has shown that the cranium best indicates taxonomy. Further analysis will elucidiate these findings and aid in explaining what is driving these morphological differences between species. An even number of males and females are being tested, and it does appear that the female os coxa predicts taxonomy better than the male os coxa, which will also be explored in further testing.
論文 Kawada M, Nakatsukasa M, Nishimura T, Kaneko A, and Morimoto N(2020) Covariation of fetal skull and maternal pelvis during the perinatal period in rhesus macaques and evolution of childbirth in primates. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117(35):21251-21257. 謝辞あり
学会発表 小林 久人 Active endogenous retroviruses drive species-specific changes in the mammalian oocyte methylome and genomic imprinting(2019年2月3-4日) International Symposium on Epigenome 2019(国立がん研究センター).
Sakai, T., Hata, J., Ohta, H., Shintaku, Y., Kimura, N., Ogawa, Y., Sogabe, K., Mori, S., Okano, H.J., Hamada, Y., Shibata, S., Okano, H., and Oishi, K. The Japan Monkey Centre Primates Brain Imaging Repository for comparative neuroscience: an archive of digital records including records for endangered species(2018/11/5) Annual Meeting of the Society for Neuroscience 2018(San Diego).
本研究では、GAINが提供する神戸市王子動物園のチンパンジー・ジョニーの死後脳標本を用いて、理化学研究所 脳神経科学研究センター9.4テスラの高磁場MRI装置を用いて、T2強調画像と拡散強調画像を撮像した。本研究により、従来の撮像技術では困難であった、チンパンジー脳標本の全脳レベルでの高解像度の拡散強調画像(0.5mm3)の収集に成功した。本研究成果として、招待講演一題、国際会議における発表1件、国内会議における発表2件を行った。 (招待講演) 1. 酒井朋子「最先端の計算解剖学的手法による比較霊長類脳イメージング研究」京都大学脳機能統合センター 2019/01/15,京都大学(京都) (国際会議における発表) 2. Sakai et al, “The Japan Monkey Centre Primates Brain Imaging Repository for comparative neuroscience: an archive of digital records including records for endangered species” Annual Meeting of the Society for Neuroscience 2018 2018/11/5, San Diego (国内会議における発表) 3. 酒井朋子ら「最先端の計算解剖学的手法による比較霊長類脳イメージング研究の確立」第8回日本マーモセット研究会大会 2019/02/06,日本橋ライフサイエンスハブ(東京) 4. 酒井朋子ら「最新のコンピュターサイエンスがもたらす霊長類脳画像データーベース:サルにもヒトにもやさしい『オープンサイエンス』を目指して」第63回プリマーテス研究会 2019/01/26,日本モンキーセンター(愛知)
H30-C19 代:渡士 幸一 協:竹内(柴田)潤子
霊長類ヘパドナウイルスのスクリーニングおよびその受容体進化解析
霊長類ヘパドナウイルスのスクリーニングおよびその受容体進化解析
渡士 幸一 , 竹内(柴田)潤子
申請者らは先行研究において、分子進化学的解析とウイルス学的実験を融合させ、HBV・ヘパドナウイルス受容体(NTCP)の解析を実施した。その結果、ヘパドナウイルスが宿主進化の選択圧となっていたことを初めて見出し、また、NTCP上の宿主特異性を決定するアミノ酸サイト[amino acid (aa) 158]を同定した。つまり、NTCPのaa158がGlycine(158G)の時はHBV感受性であるが、Arginine(158R)の時はHBV非感受性であることを明らかにした(Takeuchi et al. Journal of Virology 2019)。その中で、①霊長類由来のNTCP配列の解析が進んでいないこと、②旧世界ザル由来のヘパドナウイルスが同定されていないことが、研究遂行の妨げとなっていた。本研究では、京大霊長研より譲り受けた肝臓サンプル [フクロテナガザル(n = 3)、ボルネオオランウータン(n = 3)、ニホンザル(n = 4)、アカゲザル(n = 4)]を用い、下記の通り、研究を開始した。①NTCP配列同定:サンプルよりRNAを抽出し、RT-PCR法でNTCP領域を増幅後、配列を同定した。その結果、フクロテナガザル、ボルネオオランウータンは158G型の、ニホンザル、アカゲザルは158R型のNTCPをもっていた。これはヒト上科はHBV感受性NTCPを、旧世界ザルはHBV非感受性NTCPをもつという過去の報告と一致した。②ヘパドナウイルスのスクリーニング:サンプルよりDNAを抽出し、過去の文献 (Drexler et al. PNAS 2013) に記載のプライマーセットを用いてfirst- & second- round PCRを実施し、ヘパドナウイルス配列の増幅を試みた。フクロテナガザル、ボルネオオランウータンはHBV感受性NTCPを保持していたが、ヘパドナウイルスは検出されなかった。現在、ニホンザル、アカゲザルのウイルススクリーニングおよびNTCP配列の詳細な分子進化学的解析を進めている。
H30-C24 代:Chris-Alexandros Plastiras 協:Dimitris S. Kostopoulos 協:Gildas Merceron
"Ecological diversity of Plio-Pleistocene Palearctic cercopithecids (Primates, Mammalia); evidence from dental tissues "
"Ecological diversity of Plio-Pleistocene Palearctic cercopithecids (Primates, Mammalia); evidence from dental tissues "
Chris-Alexandros Plastiras , Dimitris S. Kostopoulos, Gildas Merceron
This project is focused to investigate the ecological diversity of the the cercopithecids that inhabited the Palearctic realm during Pliocene to Pleistocene. Our aim is to characterize the feeding ecology of these cercopithecids, by means of analysis of microwear textures of their dentition (Dental Microwear Textural Analysis), and the analogies of hard dental tissues, such as the enamel (3D Dental Topography). The methodologies will be applied on fossil representatives of the genera Mesopithecus monspessulanus, Dolicopithecus, Paradolicopithecus, Procynocephalus, Macaca and Theropithecus, from several fossiliferous localities of Greece, France, Bulgaria, Spain, Italy, Romania and Japan, while the collection of data will be provided by a series of scheduled visits on the hosts museums/institutions.The same methodologies will be applied in a substantial sample size of modern cercopithecids with known and different dietary habits, to serve as a base for the comparisons between taxa. So far, the collected material and data consists of fossil cercopithecids from localities of France (Seneze, Perpignan, Montpellier), Spain (Puebla de Valverde, Vallparadis, Cal Guardiola), Italy (Valdarno, Capo Figari-Sardinia), Bulgaria (Dorkovo, Tenevo), Greece (Dafnero, Dytiko, Megalo Emvolo, Vatera) and the sample of modern cercopithecids. With this cooperative research programm in Japan, we aim to acquire silicon microwear molds of a)the fossil cercopithecid from Nakatsu (Dolichopithecus (Kanagawapithecus) leptopostorbitalis sp. nov.; specimen number KPM-N NC005802) housed in Kanagawa prefectural Museum of Natural History (KPMNH) and b) from wild populations of modern cercopithecids focused on different species of macaques (Macaca cyclopis, Macaca cyclopis*fuscata fuscata, Macaca fuscata fuscata, Macaca fuscata fuscata*mulatta, Macaca fuscata yakui, Macaca nemestrina pagensis, Macaca sinica) and colobine genera (Presbytis femoralis catemana, Presbytis melalophos bicolor, Presbytis melalophos melalophos, Presbytis potenziani, Simias concolor, Semnopithecus entellus) housed in the Primate Research Institute of Kyoto University.