Conservation genetics of Myanmar’s macaques: a phylogeographical approach
学会発表 Aye Mi San Temple monkeys and their present situation in Myanmar( November 9, 2017) Workshop on Myanmar Biodiversity and Wildlife Conservation funded by Norwegian Environment Agency( Department of Zoology , University of Yangon, Myanmar).
Aye Mi San, Hiroyuki Tanaka & Yuzuru Hamada Anthropogenic activities on non-human primates in Mon State, Myanmar(December 5-9, 2017) 7th Asian Vertebrate International Symposium(University of Yangon, Myanmar).
Conservation genetics of Myanmar’s macaques: a phylogeographical approach
Aye Mi San
As Myanmar is located in transition zone of habitat environment for many mammals, phylogeographical study of Myanmar non-human primates (NHP) will contribute the understanding of evolution of Asian NHP. In Myanmar, most of the NHP are threatened due to illegal hunting and habitat degradation by anthropogenic activities. The rhesus macaque (M. mulatta) is not an endangered species. However, conflict between the monkeys and humans is a serious problem. The local extinction is worried because of the over-hunting in the non-protected areas. To avoid the local extinction, adequate population regulation is needed for this species. Information from the phylogeography of this species, especially genetic relationship among local populations, is quite helpful for determining the conservation priority. In this study, I analyzed genetic variations in mtDNA sequence in the rhesus macaques as well as other macaques. DNA was extracted from a total of 33 fecal samples comprising four populations from Central Myanmar (Pokokku group, n=6; NGM group, n=4; YTG group, n=7; Powin group, n=16). I determined approximate 1200 bp of the D-loop region for these samples. Next, five rhesus, three stump-tailed and one Assamese macaques from Kachin State, northern Myanmar were analyzed for two mitochondrial regions: D-loop and the 1.8 kb region including the full length of cytochrome b gene and the HVS1 region of D-loop. In order to depict the phylogeography of each species of macaques in Myanmar, I need to analyze more samples to increase data points in Myanmar. Part of the results obtained in this study was presented in the following conferences: 1. Aye Mi San (2017) Temple monkeys and their situation in Myanmar. (Workshop on Myanmar Biodiversity and Wildlife Conservationː Supported by Norwagian Environment Agency 9 Nov 2017) 2. Aye Mi San, Hiroyuki Tanaka & Yuzuru Hamada (2017) Anthropogenic activities on non-human primates in Mon State, Myanmar. (7th Asian Vertebrate International Symposium, 5-9 Dec 2017, Supported by Kyoto University)
H29-A2 代:南本 敬史 協:平林 敏行 協:永井 裕司 協:堀 由紀子 協:藤本 淳
脳活動制御とイメージングの融合技術開発
学会発表 Atsushi Fujimoto, Yukiko Hori, Yuji Nagai, Kevin W McCairn, Toshiyuki Hirabayashi, Masahiko Takada, Tetsuya Suhara, Takafumi Minamimoto Predicted reward value in the rostromedial caudate and the ventral pallidum for goal-directed action in monkeys. (2017.7.22) 日本神経科学学会(幕張).
Y. NAGAI1, B. JI1, Y. XIONG2, J. G. ENGLISH3, J. LIU2, Y. HORI1, K.-I. INOUE4, T. HIRABAYASHI1, A. FUJIMOTO1, C. SEKI1, K. KUMATA1, M.-R. ZHANG1, T. SUHARA1, M. TAKADA4, M. HIGUCHI1, B. L. ROTH3, J. JIN2, T. MINAMIMOTO1 A novel PET ligand for visualizing DREADD expression in the monkey brain(2017.10.5) 日本核医学学会(横浜).
Y. NAGAI1, B. JI1, Y. XIONG2, J. G. ENGLISH3, J. LIU2, Y. HORI1, K.-I. INOUE4, T. HIRABAYASHI1, A. FUJIMOTO1, C. SEKI1, K. KUMATA1, M.-R. ZHANG1, T. SUHARA1, M. TAKADA4, M. HIGUCHI1, B. L. ROTH3, J. JIN2, T. MINAMIMOTO1 A novel PET ligand for visualising cellular and axonal DREADD expression in monkeys(2017.11.12) Society for Neuroscience(Washington DC).
Takafumi Minamimoto PET imaging-guided chemogenetic manipulation of reward-related circuits in monkeys.(2018.2.12) Advances in Brain Neuromodulation(Roma).
The effects of the physical characteristics of seeds on gastrointestinal passage time in captive long-tailed macaques
The effects of the physical characteristics of seeds on gastrointestinal passage time in captive long-tailed macaques
Kurnia Ilham
I conducted feeding experiment to the captive female long-tailed macaque (N=5 individuals) at PRI Kyoto University to investigate the effect of seeds physical characteristic on their passage time. I used 5 different types of seeds (Melon, Kangkung, Small plastic seed, Medium plastic seed, and Egg plant) with varied dimensions. The different seed size might influence seed movement in the gastrointestinal system. Thus, gut passage time would be influence seed dispersal distance. I tested effect of seed types on the percentage of seed recovery and three variables related to passage time (MRT,TLA and TT). During the study i found the median seed recovery was about 3-32%. Among the three passage time variable, the mean retention (MRT: 24-109h), mean last seed appereance (TLA:13-136h) and the transit time (TT: 22-79h) were signifficantly differ among seed types. The mean rentention time for each seed types were also found significantly differ between individuals. Result of my study implies that havier seeds which have long retention time in the gut would be disperse far from the parent tree. On the contrary, lighter seeds are dispersed near the parent.
論文 Yoon-Mi OhFuyuki KarubeSusumu TakahashiKenta KobayashiMasahiko TakadaMotokazu UchigashimaMasahiko WatanabeKayo NishizawaKazuto KobayashiFumino Fujiyama(2017) Using a novel PV-Cre rat model to characterize pallidonigral cells and their terminations Brain Structure and Function 222:2359-2378.
本研究では、最終的には霊長類での解明を目指しているが、パーキンソン病の原因物質であるドーパミンニューロンに、大脳基底核の淡蒼球外節細胞がどのように投射するのかを調べるために、所内対応者の高田昌彦教授にパルブアルブミン(PV)発現細胞特異的にCreを発現するPV-CreRatを提供していただいた。このラットを使用して、淡蒼球外節パルブアルブミンニューロンの終末が黒質緻密部の特定の領域に優位に分布することを明らかにした。さらに、淡蒼球外節のパルブアルブミン細胞の活性化によって黒質緻密部のドーパミン細胞が強く抑制されることを電気生理学的に証明した(Oh, Karube et al., Brain Structure and Function, 2017)。 現在は所内対応者の高田昌彦教授にご提供いただいたマーモセットを用いた実験を進めている。この研究によって、動物種を超えたドーパミンニューロンへの調節制御が明らかになると考えている。
論文 Suzuki, T.W. & Tanaka, M.(2017) Causal role of noradrenaline in the timing of internally-generated saccades in monkeys. Neuroscience 366:15-22. 謝辞なし
Takeya, R., Kameda, M., Patel, A.D. & Tanaka, M.(2017) Predictive and tempo-flexible synchronization to a visual metronome in monkeys. Sci Rep 7:6127. 謝辞なし
Ohmae, S., Kunimatsu, J. & Tanaka, M.(2017) Cerebellar roles in self-timing for sub- and supra-second intervals. J Neurosci 37:3511-3522. 謝辞なし
Uematsu, A., Ohmae, S. & Tanaka, M.(2017) Facilitation of temporal prediction by electrical stimulation to the primate cerebellar nuclei. Neuroscience 346:190-196. 謝辞なし
ヒトを含む動物の腸内には、数百種類以上でおよそ100兆個にも及ぶとされる腸内細菌が生息しており、その集団を腸内細菌叢と呼ぶ。腸内細菌叢は宿主腸管と密接に相互作用することで、複雑な腸内生態系を構築しており、宿主の生体応答に様々な影響を及ぼしていることが報告されている。近年、無菌マウスを用いた研究や抗生物質を投与したマウスを用いた研究において、腸内細菌叢が脳の海馬や扁桃体における脳由来神経栄養因子(BDNF)の産生量に影響を与え、その結果マウスの行動に変化が現れることが報告されている(Heijtz, et al., PNAS, 108:3047, 2011)。これは迷走神経を介した脳腸相関に起因するものであることが示唆されているため、腸内細菌叢が宿主の脳機能、特に情動反応や記憶力に影響を及ぼす可能性が感がえられる。しかし、マウスを用いて情動反応や記憶力と腸内細菌叢との関係を調べるには、げっ歯類では限界があると考えられることから、本研究では小型霊長類であるコモンマーモセットに着目し、高次脳機能、特に情動反応や記憶力と腸内細菌叢との関係について解析を行った。本年度は高次脳機能評価を行うための課題訓練と、図形弁別課題およびその逆転学習課題を訓練した。さらに、記憶機能を検討するため空間位置記憶課題も訓練した。これらのマーモセットの便を採取し、次世代シーケンサーを用いて腸内細菌叢解析を行った。得られた腸内細菌叢情報と認知機能情報について、相関解析や多変量解析手法を用いてアプローチし、認知機能に関連する腸内細菌叢の探索を行った。
H29-A17 代:Tshewang Norbu
Ecological and phylogeographical study on Assamese macaques in Bhutan
Ecological and phylogeographical study on Assamese macaques in Bhutan
Tshewang Norbu
I investigated mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variations of the macaques inhabiting along two major river systems (Amochhu and Wangchhu) in the west of Bhutan. In this study, I aimed to focus on whether the distribution of rhesus and Assamese macaques were sympatric or allopatric in the study area. In addition, the analysis of samples taken from Sakten area in the east of Bhutan was also preliminarily done for comparative study. Following previous methodology, samples extracted from fecal materials were subjected to sequencing of mtDNA non-coding region and to alignment with previous data for the phylogeographical assessment. The result suggested that the habitat of rhesus macaques is restricted to the bordering area with India in less than 300 m asl (above sea level). Distribution of Assamese macaques is dominated in other study sites of west Bhutan in this study. Thus, the zoogeographical distribution of the two macaques is likely to be allopatric or parapatric at least in west Bhutan. Meanwhile, river system specific haplogroup, known in the central mountainous area of Honshu island in Japan, was unclear in west Bhutan. Though sex identification was incomplete for obtained samples, this result was supported only by female samples for which sexing by PCR succeeded. Therefore, it may not be reasonable to explain the evolutionary change of Assamese macaques in the study area only by unidirectional population expansion along the river systems. In the preliminary examination for the samples from Sakten area in east Bhutan, I detected several mtDNA haplotypes that had not been found in previous study. It is necessary to increase the numbers of study sites and samples in future to evaluate phylogeographical status of monkeys living in the area.
A map showing the major river systems in Bhutan. I investingated macaque populations along Amochhu and Wangchhu rivers in west Bhutan in this study.
前頭極 (Brodmann area 10; BA10)は霊長類の前頭前野に固有の最前端領域で、ヒト脳において最も大きく発達している。本研究はサル脳を用いて、BA10の大脳基底核のループ回路の構造を明らかにするために、順行性、逆行性コンベンショナル・トレーシング法と狂犬病ウイルスを用いた逆行性越シナプス・トレーシング法を組み合わせ、マカクザルBA10の2次シナプスまでの神経ネットワークを解析した。BDA(biotinylated dextran amines)を用いBA10から大脳基底核への順行性投射を調べた結果、前部(head)および後部(body, tail)尾状核、視床下核腹内側部に神経終末が認められた。次にFB(fast blue)と狂犬病ウイルスを用い、大脳基底核からBA10への1次、2次シナプス投射をそれぞれ調べた。その結果、FBによる逆行性1次ラベルは、視床MDmcと内側視床枕に認められた。狂犬病ウイルスによる2次シナプスのラベルは、主に黒質網様部 (SNr)の背外側部および腹内側部の両方に認められた。前部淡蒼球内節(GPi)の背側部と腹側部にラベルが認められた。データの詳細は現在解析中である。今後はBA10と大脳基底核のループ回路の構造を3次シナプスまで解明し、BA10と大脳基底核の機能連関を明らかにする。
H29-A23 代:伊村 知子
ヒトとチンパンジーにおける「平均」の知覚に関する比較認知研究
ヒトとチンパンジーにおける「平均」の知覚に関する比較認知研究
伊村 知子
昨年度(2016年度)の共同利用研究に続いて、場面全体の特徴の「平均」を瞬時に知覚する能力の1つであるアンサンブル知覚についてチンパンジーとヒトを対象に検討した。その結果、複数の対象の大きさの「平均」だけでなく、複数の対象の鮮度のような質感の「平均」も知覚できる可能性が示唆された。これまでの成果を論文等にまとめて発表した(Imura, Kawakami, Shirai, & Tomonaga, 2017, Proceedings of Royal Society B; 伊村知子・友永雅己, 2017, 科学)。 一方、年度の後半には、鮮度以外の質感知覚の感度を詳細に検討するため、チンパンジー2個体を対象に、CGを用いて作成した人工物の光沢の強さの識別課題を実施した。画面に呈示された4枚の物体の画像の中から、1枚だけ光沢の強さが異なるものを選択させた。その結果、チンパンジーは、光沢の強さの違いを識別するのが困難であった。食物の鮮度にまつわる光沢の違いを識別したのに対し、人工物の光沢の強さを識別しなかった理由については、今後さらに検討する必要がある。
H29-A24 代:Islamul Hadi
Hot-spring bathing Behavior of Long-Tailed Macaques and Japanese Macaques: A Comparative Study
Hot-spring bathing Behavior of Long-Tailed Macaques and Japanese Macaques: A Comparative Study
Islamul Hadi
I conducted observation in Jigokudani Monkey Park, Nagano in 2 to 6 of December 2017. During this observation, I counted 160 individuals of provisioned Japanese macaque live in the park. During four days observation, I found some individuals of Japanese macaque took bathe in the man-made hotspring pool in the park. I recorded 292 minutes of duration of hotspring bathing exhibitted by monkeys. The behavior also exhibitted in 23 session during 4-days observation. The behavior is mostly occured in the morning and aftenoon. The duration of behavior each session vary within 1 to 63 minutes with the mean 12.7 minutes per session. Number of individuals those took bathe in the hot-spring pool were 1 to 20 individuals per session. The adult females and juveniles were most frequent to be observed took bathe.Compared to long-tailed macaque in Mt. Rinjani, Lombok-Indonesia in August 2008, where the hot-spring bathing behavior also reported, the Japanese macaque spent longer duration to take bathe than those in long-tailed macaque (10.7 minutes) and 3 session within 3-days observation. Four to six individuals ( adult males, adult females, sub-adult males) were exhibitted the behavior. The hot-spring bathing in long-tailed macaque observed only occured during morning, while Japanese macaques did both inthe morning and afternoon.
Two adults long-tailed macaques took hotspring bathing in Pengkereman of Mount Rinjani Lombok Indonesia
Sub-adult males and juvenile of Long-tailed macaques took hotspring bathing in Pengkereman of Mount Rinjani Lombok Indonesia
Two adult females and juvenile of Japanese macaque took hotspring bathing in Jigokudani Monkey park
H29-A25 代:Hao Luong Van
Phylogeograpical study of the slow loris for conservation and reintroduction
学会発表 Tanaka H, Luong HV, San AM, Hamada Y Development of a mitochondrial marker for conservation genetics of slow loris(2017.7.15-17) 日本霊長類学会大会(福島市).
Phylogeograpical study of the slow loris for conservation and reintroduction
Hao Luong Van
The slow loris is listed as ‘Vulnerable’ in the IUCN Red List because they are being overhunted for the illegal pet trade, used for meat and as ingredients of traditional medicine. In Vietnam, two species (Nycticebus bengalensis and N. pygmaeus) are found. The Center for Rescue and Conservation of Organisms (CRCO) of Hoang Lien National Park protects diverse organisms, including the slow loris, and tries to reintroduce them to the wild. However, it is hard to get information about the original habitat of confiscated animals. The purpose of the study is to accumulate mtDNA sequence data from slow loris of known origin, in order to establish a tracking system that infers the origin of these protected animals using DNA information. In 2017, I analyzed nine slow lorises (N. bengalensis: n=5, N. pygmaeus: n=4) that had been protected at CRCO. DNA extraction was carried out using hair samples. Two-step PCR was performed in order to avoid amplifying NUMT as follows: firstly, we amplified the 9 kb region of mtDNA by Long-PCR using total DNA, and next the target 1.8 kb region spanning a full length of cyt b gene and HVS1 of D-loop was amplified by using a long-PCR product as template DNA. DNA sequencing was performed with 3130 Genetic Analyzer. The sequence data obtained here was aligned with dataset that included the samples of two species from northern Vietnam collected in 2014 and 2015 and samples of N. bengalensis from Myanmar (n=2) and Laos (n=1). Loris tardrigradus (GenBank Accession No. AB371094) was used as an outgroup and three species of slow loris (N. bengalensis: NC_021958, N. coucang: NC_002765, and N. pygmaeus: KX397281) were analyzed for comparison. The result of phylogenetic analysis showed the suggestive data. All the individuals of N. pygmaeus had the identical sequence for the target mtDNA region even though the target sequence is the most variable region in mtDNA. Two individuals of N. bengalensis protected in Soc Son Rescue Center, Hanoi were closely related to the GenBank sequence of N. coucang. The GenBank sequence of N. bengalensis connected to the above cluster of N. coucang + two individuals from Hanoi, hence this sequence data is questionable about the identification of species. The genetic marker used in this study is can be applicable to the phylogeogaraphy study of N. bengalensis because it showed intra-specific variations.
H29-A26 代:諏訪 元 協:佐々木 智彦 協:小籔 大輔 協:清水 大輔
人類出現期に関わる歯と頭蓋骨の形態進化的研究
人類出現期に関わる歯と頭蓋骨の形態進化的研究
諏訪 元 , 佐々木 智彦, 小籔 大輔, 清水 大輔
前年度中に新たに発見されたチョローラ層出土の類人猿化石の同定と初期評価を進めると共に、ラミダスとアウストラロピテクス各種、さらには中新世類人猿のウラノピテクス、ヒスパノピテクス、プロコンスル等について、ベーズ法による犬歯の性差の数量解析を行った。それぞれの種において、雌雄ごとの歯冠最大径の平均値と雌雄共通の分散対数値を推定し、サンプルと性内の変異(それぞれ変動係数)と雌雄平均値比の確立密度分布をMCMC法で導出し、現生の類人猿とヒトの性差と比較した。結果、中新世の類人猿は、ウラノピテクスが最小であったが、それでも現生大型類人猿程度、ヒスパノピテクスとプロコンスルはゴリラ程度かそれ以上の大きな性差を示した。初期人類では、かつてはサンプル変動係数が大きいため、性差がボノボ程度に大きいと報告されていたアファレンシス始め、アウストラロピテクスの各種はそれぞれ現代人に近い小さな性差を持つことが示された(雌雄の平均比が1.12から最大1.16程度)。ラミダスの犬歯の歯冠径の性差についても同程度の推定結果が得られ、Suwa et al.(2009)による簡易推定の結果を検証すると共に、雄の犬歯サイズの縮小が人類の系統の初期に起きたとする仮説を改めて支持する結果が得られた。
Epigenomics and Evolutionary Analysis of HERV-K LTR elements in various primates
論文 Yi-Deun Jung, Hee-Eun Lee, Ara Jo, Imai Hiroo, Hee-Jae Cha, Heui-Soo Kim( 2017) Activity analysis of LTR12C as an effective regulatory element of the RAE1gene Gene 634: 22-28.
学会発表 Hee-Eun Lee, Hee-Jae Cha, Imai Hiroo, Heui-Soo Kim Comparison of Human Endogenous Retrovirus K Expression in Various Tissues of Primates and Humans( 2017.02.08-2017.02.10) The 13th KOGO winter Symposium 2017( HongCheon, Republic of Korea).
Hee-Eun Lee, Hee-Jae Cha, Takashi Hayakawa, Imai Hiroo, Heui-Soo Kim Correlation of Human Endogenous Regrovirus K (HERV-K) Expression in Various Tissues of Primates and Human( 2017.08.03-2017.08.04) The 58th Annual Meeting and International Symposium of Korean Society of Life Science( Gyeongju, Republic of Korea).
Hee-Eun Lee, Hee-Jae Cha, Takashi Hayakawa, Imai Hiroo, Heui-Soo Kim Analysis of Human Endogenous Retrovirus K (HERV-K) Expression in Primates and Human( 2017.08.09-2017.08-10) The 72th Annual Meeting of The Korean Association of Biological Sciences(Yongin, Republic of Korea).
Hee-Eun Lee, Hee-Jae Cha, Takashi Hayakawa, Imai Hiroo, Heui-Soo Kim Human Endogenous Retrovirus K (HERV-K) Expression in Primates including Human( 2017.10.26-2017.10.27) International Conference of the Genetics Society of Korea 2017( Seoul, Republic of Korea).
Hee-Eun Lee, Yi-Deun Jung, Yuri Choi, Hee-Jae Cha, Heui-Soo Kim Activity Analysis of an LTR12C as a productive regulatory element in RAE1 Gene( 2017.10.26-2017.10.27) International Conference of the Genetics Society of Korea 2017( Seoul, Republic of Korea).
Epigenomics and Evolutionary Analysis of HERV-K LTR elements in various primates
Heui-Soo Kim , Hee-Eun Lee
Human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) and related sequences account for ~8% of the human genome. It is thought that HERVs are derived from exogenous retrovirus infections early in the evolution of primates. HERV-K is the most biologically active family because it retains the ability to encode functional retroviral proteins and produce retrovirus-like particles. To better understand the regulatory mechanism of HERV-K expression, we characterize the structure of HERV-K50F family LTRs (sequences, transcription factors binding). The sequence of human HERV-K50F was analyzed to check the difference of the structures with various primates. The structures of each HERV-K50F in primates including human was different. Orangutan had shorter LTRs compared with others. Additionally, for the epigenetics studies, the HERV-K50F sequence was analyzed to check the CpG islands. There were some CpG sites and we were able to get the methylation primer including 10 CpG sites. For the further studies, we will continue the methylation studies in primates, and a new project about the miRNAs.
脊髄損傷後に軸索再生阻害因子のひとつであるRGMの発現が損傷周囲部に増加していることをサルモデルを用いて明らかにするとともに、このRGMの機能を阻害することによって運動機能が回復することを検証した。すなわち、脊髄損傷後のRGM作用を抑制することにより、神経可塑的変化が促進され、運動機能回復につながることが示唆された。本研究成果は、原著論文としてCerebral Cortex誌に受理された。 Nakagawa H, Ninomiya T, Yamashita T, Takada M (2018) Treatment with the neutralizing antibody against repulsive guidance molecule-a promotes recovery from impaired manual dexterity in a primate model of spinal cord injury. Cereb Cortex, in press.
Itoh K, Nejime M, Konoike N, Nakamura K, Nakada T. Musical chord change detection in the macaque monkey is hindered by insertion of silent gaps between chords: a scalp ERP study.( 2017年11月14日) Neuroscience 2017 (Society for Neuroscience 47th Annual Meeting)( Washington DC).
Kosuke Itoh Evolutionary elongation of the time window of auditory cortical processing(2018年1月11日) Post-Symposium of the 33rd Annual Meeting of the International Society for Psychophysics: Perception and the Brain(福岡市).
This project forms part of our ongoing research into the biomechanics of primates. In this last year we achieved three major goals. Firstly, we succeeded in publishing a paper in Royal Society Open Sciences based on our experimental work at PRI in previous years where we used our markerless motion capture system to record 3D locomotor kinematics of chimpanzees walking. This paper used the experimental data to ground truth a computer simulation in order to better understand the evolutionary processes that lead to gait choice and optimality. Secondly, based on the pilot data on primate hands and hand use that we have been collecting at PRI, we were successful in a collaborative grant bid to the UK Natural Environment Research council to study the co-evolution of tool using behaviour and hands in the hominin fossil record. This research grant includes travel funding so that future visits will continue to be possible. Thirdly, we were successful in the experimental work carried out at PRI in 2017. Our aim this past year was to compare the way that Japanese macaques use their hands when performing locomotor activities to the way they use their hands whilst manipulating objects. The challenge here is that in order to record the movements of the fingers in 3D we need film a relatively small volume, and this means that we need to train the subjects to put move such that they grasp the substrate in the location the cameras are recording from. We attempted this for a new experimental set up in the laboratory where we used a vertical pole that the animal was able to climb, using two different pole diameters. In both cases the experiments were successful although there were many trials where the animals did not place their hands in the volumes we were measuring from and this meant that the amount of data collected was rather lower than in previous years. Climbing is particularly difficult compared to the horizontal walking we have measured before because the animal has an extra degree of freedom since it can choose the vertical rotation of its body around the cylindrical pole, and this means that it can obscure our view of its hands very easily. However, climbing is an activity that we are particularly interested in since the hands are required to grip with significant amounts of force in this situation, whereas horizontal walking requires relatively little grip force on the part of the animal since they balance very precisely. And of course climbing is one of the important specialisations of the primate order, and is thus a major focus of biomechanics research.
霊長類外側膝状体(LGN)極小細胞層(koniocellular layers: K 層)から、1次および2次視覚皮質を経由せず、頭頂視覚連合皮質V3/V3A野へ直接投射する神経回路を神経軸索トレーサーを用いて詳細に解明する事が研究の目的である。本年度は、1頭のアカゲザルの両側V3A野(ならびに古典的V3A野の背側部LOP野)に蛍光色素(ディアミディノイエローDYとファーストブルーFB)を微量注入して、同側視床LGNにおける逆行性標識細胞の分布を調べた。V3A野にほぼ限局して蛍光色素を微量注入(1例)すると、LGN尾側6分の1から3分の1にかけて、LGNと視索との間に存在するK細胞層(S層)の内側部ならびにK1-4層内側端に逆行性標識細胞が観察された。V3A野とLOP野にまたがる注入(2例)では、LGN尾側3分の1のS層内側部に逆行性標識細胞が観察された。LOP野とその背側の7野のみに注入(1例)しても、LGNには逆行性標識細胞は見られなかった。これらの結果は、LGNのS層ならびにK1-4層内側部のK細胞がV3A野に投射し、粗大な視覚情報を短潜時で頭頂連合野皮質へ入力している事を示唆する。
H29-B15 代:柳川 洋二郎 協:永野 昌志 協:髙江洲 昇 協:菅野 智裕 協:坂口 謙一郎
マカク属における精液凍結保存方法の改善と人工授精技術開発
論文 Fukuda K, Inoguchi Y, Ichiyanagi K, Ichiyanagi T, Go Y, Nagano M, Yanagawa Y, Takaesu N, Ohkawa Y, Imai H, Sasaki H(2017) Evolution of the sperm methylome of primates is associated with retrotransposon insertions and genome instability Human Molecular Genetics 26(18):3508-3519. 謝辞あり
論文 Hayama S. Nakiri S, Nakanishi S, et al.(2017) Small head size and delayed body weight growth in wild Japanese monkey fetuses after the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster. Scientific Reports(7):3528. 謝辞あり
論文 Kunimatsu, Y., Sawada, Y., Sakai, T., Saneyoshi, M., Nakaya, H., Yamamoto, A., and Nakatsukasa, M.(2017) The latest occurrence of the nyanzapithecines from the early Late Miocene Nakali Formation in Kenya, East Africa Anthropological Science 125(2):45-51. 謝辞あり
Kunimatsu, Y., Tsujikawa, H., Nakatsukasa, M., Shimizu, D., Ogihara, N., Kikuchi, Y., Nakano, Y., Takano, T., Morimoto, N., and Ishida, H.(2017) A new species of Mioeuoticus (Lorisiformes, Primates) from the early Middle Miocene of Kenya. Anthropological Science 125(2):59-65. 謝辞あり
Kikuchi, Y., Nakatsukasa, M., Tsujikawa, H., Nakano, Y., Kunimatsu, Y., Ogihara, N., Shimizu, D.,Takano, T., Nakaya,H., Sawada, Y., Ishida, H.(2018) Sexual dimorphism of body size in an African fossil ape, Nacholapithecus kerioi Journal of Human Evolution 123:129-140.
長年、京大を中心とした日本調査隊がケニヤ共和国において実施してきた野外発掘調査によって、ケニヤ北部のナチョラ、サンブルヒルズ、ナカリから中新世の霊長類化石が多数発見されてきた。採集された化石は、ケニヤの法律によって国外持ち出しが原則禁止されており、ケニヤの首都ナイロビにあるケニヤ国立博物館にすべて収蔵されている。本研究ではこれらの霊長類化石の分析を順次行っている。2017年度には、2017年8月から9月にケニヤ共和国ナカリにおいて野外発掘調査を実施した。2018年3月に再びケニヤに渡航し、ナイロビのケニヤ国立博物館において、同館に収蔵されているナカリ、ナチョラ出土の霊長類化石の分析および他の産地から収集された化石との比較を行った。霊長類研究所では、比較のために現生霊長類の骨格標本や霊長類化石レプリカコレクションの観察、計測をおこなった。ナカリから最近出土した大型類人猿の上顎大臼歯や小型「類人猿」の下顎大臼歯標本の分析を中心に研究を進めた。大型類人猿の新たな上顎大臼歯標本は、ナカリから見つかっているNakalipithecus nakayamaiよりも小型で、形態的にもかなり異なっており、Kunimatsu et al. (2016)で示唆した、中新世後期前半のナカリには大型の類人猿が2種類いたという仮説を支持するものである。
越後貫成美、葛西秀俊、井上弘貴、饗場 篤、小倉淳郎 Shortning the marmoset intergeneration time using immature spermatozoa(2017/9/27) Fourth World Congress of Reproductive Biology(宜野湾(日本)).
Behavioral ecology of parasite infection in wild rhesus macaques in Southern China
Behavioral ecology of parasite infection in wild rhesus macaques in Southern China
Yun Yang
We finished the research project under the supervision of Dr. Andrew MacIntosh on both social networks and parasitological analyses in CICASP and the laboratory of the Section of Social Systems Evolution. We employed current parasitological protocols used in Dr. MacIntosh's lab (formalin-etheyl acetate sedimentation and sheather's sugar flotation) to extract parasite eggs and larvae from 260 fecal samples of wild rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) in Neilingding island, China. As a result, we identified three nematodes (Oesophagostomum spp.,Trichuris spp., Strongyloides spp.) and other parasites and pseudo-parasites (Balantidium coli cysts, Balantidium coli trophozoites) and insect eggs (see images). We used a McMaster chamber to estimate the number of parasite eggs/ larvae (Oesophagostomum, Trichuris, Strongyloides and Balantidium) per gram of fecal sediment (i.e. EPG) as a proxy for infection and parasite spreading across individuals. We developed two social networks from the frequencies of allogrooming for each period and calculated seven network parameters (outdegree, indegree, outstrength, instrength, betweenness, closeness, eigenvector). We used R software to build generalized linear mixed models to explore the effects of social behavior factors and demographic factors (sex and age) on the prevalence, infection intensity and diversity of three directly transmitted gastrointestinal nematodes (Oesophagostomum spp., Trichuris spp. and Strongyloides spp.) in wild rhesus macaques. We found that juveniles have a higher prevalence and infection intensity of Oesophagostomum spp. and Strongyloides spp. than adults, as well as nematodes diversity. We didn't find sex-biased infection of these three nematodes in our study group. Individuals with higher outstrength in the grooming network are more likely to be infected with Strongyloides spp.. Individuals with higher outdegree in the grooming network have less diverse nemotodes. Individuals with higher indegree in the grooming network have lower Trichuris spp. prevalence. This study complemented our existing knowledge of intestinal parasites in Chinese wild rhesus macaques, described the factors affecting the gastrointestinal parasite infection of wild rhesus macaques in detail, and also provided a theoretical basis for the protection of wild rhesus macaques in the Neilingding island nature reserve. We greatly appreciate the opportunity and support the Primate Research Institute Kyoto University provided me for my research. Many thanks to Dr. MacIntosh and his colleagues at PRI for their advice and help throughout my study.
H29-B33 代:Mohammed Znari
"Nutritional Ecology of crop-raiding Barbary macaques, Macaca sylvanus in the High Ourika valley, western High Atlas, Morocco"
チンパンジーのiPS細胞から神経細胞を分化誘導し、神経活動の評価を行った。具体的には、MAP2、NeuN、synapsin Iが陽性の成熟神経細胞を作製し、平面微小電極アレイ計測システム(MED64-Basic、Alpha Med Scientific)を用いて神経細胞の自発電気活動を記録した。培養期間に比例して神経細胞の自発発火に基づくspike頻度は増加し、シナプス伝搬による同期バースト発火が検出された。同期バースト発火は、シナプス形成の成熟化の指標のひとつであり、チンパンジーiPS細胞由来神経細胞で、機能的な神経ネットワークが形成されていることが示された。さらにこの神経細胞の電気活動において薬剤応答性が検出できるかを調べた。作製した神経細胞は、グルタミン酸受容体等に対する薬剤応答性を示し、神経ネットワークの機能的な成熟化が示唆された。これらの結果から、チンパンジーiPS細胞から作製した神経細胞は機能的なシナプスと神経ネットワークを形成し、霊長類神経系の機能解析に有用と考えられた。
H29-B37 代:Kanthi Arum Widayati 協:Yohey Terai
Genetic characterization of bitter taste receptors in Sulawesi macaques
学会発表 Widayati KA, Xiaochan Y, Suzuki-Hashido N, Purba LHPH, Bajeber F, Suryobroto B, Terai Y, Imai H Characterization of the TAS2R38 bitter taste receptor for phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) of Macaca tonkeana and M. hecki( 27 and 28 January 2018) 62nd Primates Conference( Japan Monkey Centre).
Widayati KA, Xiaochan Y, Suzuki-Hashido N, Purba LHPH, Bajeber F, Suryobroto B, Terai Y, Imai H BEHAVIORAL AND ALLELIC VARIATIONS OF THE TAS2R38 BITTER TASTE RECEPTOR FOR PHENYLTHIOCARBAMIDE (PTC) OF TWO SPECIES OF SULAWESI MACAQUES(8 and 9 August 2017) The 2nd International Conference on Biosciences( IPB International Convention Centre, Indonesia).
Genetic characterization of bitter taste receptors in Sulawesi macaques
Kanthi Arum Widayati , Yohey Terai
Bitter perception plays an important role in avoiding ingestion of toxins by inducing innate avoidance behavior. Bitter taste is mediated by the G protein-coupled receptor TAS2R, which is located in cell membranes. Since TAS2R genes are directly involved in the interaction between mammals and their dietary sources, it is likely that these genes evolve to reflect species-specific diets during mammalian evolution. One of the best-studied bitter taste receptors is TAS2R38, which recognizes bitter molecule phenylthiocarbamide (PTC). We did experimental behavior and genetic characterization of TAS2R38 of two species of Sulawesi Macaques. Sulawesi macaques are unique due to their extensive evolutionary divergence into seven species in an island, which covers only 2.5% of the genus area. We used PTC to test avoidance behaviors of 25 individuals of Macaca hecki (N: 13) and Macaca tonkeana (N: 12) in Palu city, Central Sulawesi. All M. hecki rejected 2mM PTC-containing food and thus appeared to be PTC taster. On the other hand, four individuals of M. tonkeana indicated to be PTC non-taster, which rarely discriminated the bitterness of PTC. All of the critical amino acid positions for human TAS2R38 functionality are not altered in both M. hecki and M. tonkeana receptors. The non-taster individuals showed specific nucleotides on sites 349, 390, 401 which may lead to amino acid change on position 117, 130 and 134 respectively. By calcium imaging, we confirmed that the receptor with those specific amino acids change showed lower sensitivity to PTC compared to the wild types.
H29-B38 代:Jeanelle Uy
The relationship between gut size and torso anatomy
The relationship between gut size and torso anatomy
Jeanelle Uy
The gut (gastrointestinal tract) is a unique example of a visceral structure that is thought to have driven changes to postcranial dimensions. A longstanding assumption within paleoanthropology is that the torso skeleton, particularly the ribcage and pelvis, reflects organ size; however, no data exists in the literature that directly links soft tissue (guts) to hard tissue (bones). The purpose of this project is to determine if gut size is related to torso morphology. We will test if the bony anatomy of the ribcage and pelvis is related to gut size in anthropoids. Thoracic measurements were obtained from Homo, Hylobates, Pan, Pongo, Gorilla, Macaca, and Cebus skeletons. Existing whole abdomen scans from humans (n=200) were obtained from my institution (UW-Madison) and existing scans of Pan (n=4) and Cebus (n=8) were obtained from KUPRI. We will test the null hypothesis that gut volume is not related to the pelvis or the thorax and a second null hypothesis that gut volume relative to body size does not differ across these anthropoid species. The comparison of thorax dimensions across species shows that the monkeys and Hylobates had more similar ribcage volumes in their upper and lower thorax and also have the smallest gut sizes, according to published data. On the other hand, the hominids had less similar upper-to-lower thorax volume ratios and have relatively larger gut sizes. Additionally, we have found that, in general, male humans tend to have gut volumes that are correlated with variables related to body size, while females have a more complicated relationship between the skeleton and the gut. Across species analysis will be performed once all the human data and Cebus scans have been analyzed. The data analysis will continue to progress throughout this fiscal year.
Genetic assessment of the hybridization between two subspecies of long-tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis fascicularis and M. f. aurea)
Genetic assessment of the hybridization between two subspecies of long-tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis fascicularis and M. f. aurea)
Srichan Bunlungsup , Suchinda Malaivijitnond
Rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) is one of the most well-known non-human primate species. They were previously classified into 6 subspecies, however, due to an inadequate information, the recognition of subspecies level distinctions became obsolete and this species was subsequently divided into three main groups that are Eastern (China and vicinity), Western (India and vicinity) and Southern (Indochinese) groups. Most of the previous studies focus only on the first two groups which cause their evolutionary history still be obscured. Here, we collected wild samples of southern rhesus populations from Thailand and Myanmar. Hypervariable region I (HVSI) on mtDNA were sequenced and analyzed together with other downloaded sequences of rhesus macaque from throughout their distribution range. Phylogenetic trees were constructed using NJ, ML, and Bayesian analysis. All methods showed similar topology in which Western rhesus macaque (blue) was first separated from other regions in approx. 1.77 Mya, followed by the separation between Southern (green) and Eastern group (yellow) in approx.1.48 Mya. All tested populations showed negative Tajima’D value with no significant difference. Since Indian rhesus showed lowest nucleotide diversity within the group and highest genetic differentiation from others, we supposed that rhesus macaque was first originated in Indochinese regions then, migrated westward and eastward to Indian and China, respectively. However, Indian rhesus had experienced genetic drift and severe bottleneck and thus, showed genetic distinctive from other regions. Since this preliminary result includes only a part of mitochondria DNA, we are now analyzing other regions of mtDNA and hope this should help us to gain clearer scenario about rhesus evolutionary history.
H29-B40 代:清水 貴美子 協:深田 吉孝
霊長類における概日時計と脳高次機能との連関
霊長類における概日時計と脳高次機能との連関
清水 貴美子 , 深田 吉孝
我々はこれまで、齧歯類を用いて海馬依存性の長期記憶形成効率に概日変動があることを見出し、SCOPという分子が概日時計と記憶を結びつける鍵因子であることを示してきた (Shimizu et al. Nat Commun 2016)。本研究では、ヒトにより近い脳構造・回路を持つサルを用いて、SCOPを介した概日時計と記憶との関係を明らかにすることを目的とする。 ニホンザル6頭を用いて、苦い水と普通の水をそれぞれ飲み口の色が異なる2つのボトルにいれ、水の味と飲み口の色との連合学習による記憶効率の時刻依存性について実験をおこなっている。各個体あたり、朝/昼/夕の何れかに試験をおこない、学習から24時間後にテストを行う。ボトルをセットしてから最初の一口目が正解(普通の水)だった場合にポイントを加算する方式で、6頭の記憶テスト結果を評価したところ、昼に有意に記憶効率が高いという結果が得られた。しかし、各時刻におけるサルの飲水欲求の強さが記憶テストの結果に影響する可能性があるため、1日の飲水行動パターンを測定したところ、食餌時の飲水量には時刻による差は見られず、食餌時以外の時刻にはほとんど飲水行動は見られなかった。本記憶テストでは、テストと同時に食餌を与えているため、各時刻の飲水欲求は同程度であると考えられ、記憶テストの結果にも影響を与えていないと考えられた。また、昼の記憶効率の高さにSCOPが関わっているかどうかを確かめるために、6頭のうちの2頭の海馬にSCOP shRNA発現レンチウイルスまたはコントロールレンチウイルスを投与し、昼の時刻の記憶効率を測定した。コントロールレンチウイルスを投与したサルは、何も投与していないサルの昼の時刻と同程度の記憶効率を示したが、SCOP shRNA発現レンチウイルスを投与したサルは、著しく記憶効率が低下していた。しかし、正確な記憶効率を評価するためには、さらに記憶テストの試行回数を増やす必要がある。
H29-B41 代:Bambang Suryobroto
Genomic Evolution of Sulawesi Macaques
Genomic Evolution of Sulawesi Macaques
Bambang Suryobroto
Macaca is a characteristic monkey of Asia/Oriental zoogeographical realm, however seven species of them distribute allopatrically and endemically in Sulawesi Island that is the center of Wallacea region. In 2017 we studied M. tonkeana and M. hecki because there were reports that the two species hybridize in their borderland area. We therefore follow an evolutionary model called “speciation with gene flow” to analyze the exome sequences of both species. In collaboration with Dr. Yohei Terai of Sokendai, we had succeeded in getting exome genomes of 11 individuals of M. tonkeana and 11 M. hecki. In these two species, the total number of codons is 2,874,866 and number of segregating sites are 34,519. With the expertise of Dr. Shohei Takuno, also from Sokendai, we analyzed these data. The exome sequences provide matrices of allele frequency spectrum (AFS) to infer demographic model of population subdivision. Given a homologue genetic region from the two species, the resulting AFS is a 2-dimensional matrix that recorded the number of diallelic genetic polymorphisms; each of our AFS was 23-by-23 matrix (indexed from 0). From these AFSs, we calculated the statistics commonly used for population genetic inference, such as Wright’s FST (population differentiation) and Tajima’s D (departure from neutrality). We calculated FST as 0.289 and for M. tonkeana the D is -1.18 and M. hecki -0.937. The negative Ds indicated the excess of rare variants which may be interpreted as the two populations had been through a bottleneck event and now expanding. Furthermore, we iteratively assigned an individual (probabilistically) on the basis of their genotypes to each population which is characterized by a set of allele at each locus. In doing so we found a recent admixture which evidently came from M. tonkeana to M. hecki.
論文 Beauchemin, C. A., Miura, T., and Iwami, S.(2017) Duration of SHIV production by infected cells is not exponentially distributed: Implications for estimates of infection parameters and antiviral efficacy. Sci. Rep. 7:42765.
Iwanami, S., Kakizoe, Y., Morita, S., Miura, T., Nakaoka, S., and Iwami, S.(2017) A highly pathogenic simian/human immunodeficiency virus effectively produces infectious virions compared with a less pathogenic virus in cell culture. Theor. Biol. Med. Model. 14:9.
論文 Miyabe-Nishiwaki T, Hirata A, Kaneko A, Ishigami A, Miyamoto Y, Yamanaka A, Owaki K, Sakai H, Yanai T, Suzuki J.(2017 ) Hepatocellular carcinoma with intracranial metastasis in a Japanese Macaques (Macaca fuscata). J. Med. Primatol. 46(3):93-100.
論文 Tatsumoto S, Go Y, Fukuta K, Noguchi H, Hayakawa T, Tomonaga M, Hirai H, Matsuzawa T, Agata K, Fujiyama A.(2017) Direct estimation of de novo mutation rates in a chimpanzee parent-offspring trio by ultra-deep whole genome sequencing. Sci Rep. 7(1):13561. 謝辞あり
Shimogori T, Abe A, Go Y, Hashikawa T, Kishi N, Kikuchi SS, Kita Y, Niimi K, Nishibe H, Okuno M, Saga K, Sakurai M, Sato M, Serizawa T, Suzuki S, Takahashi E, Tanaka M, Tatsumoto S, Toki M, U M, Wang Y, Windak KJ, Yamagishi H, Yamashita K, Yoda T, Yoshida AC, Yoshida C, Yoshimoto T, Okano H.(2018) Digital gene atlas of neonate common marmoset brain. Neurosci Res. 128:1-13.
Fukuda K, Inoguchi Y, Ichiyanagi K, Ichiyanagi T, Go Y, Nagano M, Yanagawa Y, Takaesu N, Ohkawa Y, Imai H, Sasaki H.(2017) Evolution of the sperm methylome of primates is associated with retrotransposon insertions and genome instability. Hum Mol Genet. 26(18):3508-3519. 謝辞あり
Functional characterization of bitter taste receptors in Asian Leaf-eating Monkeys
学会発表 Laurentia Henrieta Permita Sari Purba, Kanthi Arum Widayati, Sarah Nila, Kei Tsutsui, Nami Suzuki-Hashido, Takashi Hayakawa, Bambang Suryobroto, Hiroo Imai Characterization of bitter taste receptor TAS2R38 to PTC in Colobine Monkeys(25-27 September 2017) 51st Annual Meeting of The Japanese Association for the Study of Taste and Smell ( Japan).
Functional characterization of bitter taste receptors in Asian Leaf-eating Monkeys
Laurentia Henrieta Permita Sari Purba
TAS2R38 is one of TAS2R multigene families that encode receptor to recognize bitter from several N-C=S compounds including PTC. TAS2R38 had been identified in many primates. TAS2R38 in human, chimpanzee, Japanese macaques exhibit intra-species polymorphism that lead to different behavioural response of individual. Taster individual show aversion to PTC, in contrast to tolerant in non-taster individuals. Leaf-eating monkeys (Subfamily Colobines) are unique among primates because their diet mostly consisted of leaves that perceptually tasted bitter to human. We confirmed that Trachypithecus, Presbytis and Nasalis were all less sensitive to PTC compared with macaque both in behavioral detection and cell assay. In addition we found four colobine specific amino acid mutations (V44I, Q93E, I148F, and R330K) that revealed in comparison with human, chimpanzee and macaque TAS2R38 receptors. We did site-directed mutagenesis of macaque TAS2R38 to mimicking colobine in the specific position. By calcium imaging, we measured the responses of cell expressing mutant TAS2R38 of macaque mimicking colobine. The single-site mutations of four amino acids of TAS2R38 of macaque to mimic colobine confirmed that those mutations in colobines are responsible to the decreased sensitivities to PTC. In addition, double-, triple- and quadruple- site mutations are less sensitive to PTC compare to the wild type. We found mutants containing amino acid change at position 93 were remarkably reduced the sensitivities as shown by the EC50 values. We proposed that Q93 are important to keep the function of TAS2R38 receptor in PTC-taste species such as macaque.
H29-B54 代:Leonardo C?sar Oliveira Melo 協:Maria Ad?lia Borstelmann de Oliveira 協:Anisio Francisco Soares
Absortion and bioavaiability of gum’s compounds used by marmoset in field and laboratory conditions
Absortion and bioavaiability of gum’s compounds used by marmoset in field and laboratory conditions
Leonardo C?sar Oliveira Melo , Maria Ad?lia Borstelmann de Oliveira, Anisio Francisco Soares
From three family groups of marmosets monitored since 1998, in two Brazilian biomes: Caatinga Biome in the county of Arcoverde - 8º 24’ S e 37º 03’ W - and Atlantic Forest Biome in two others counties: Recife and São Lourenço da Mata - Tapacurá Ecological Fieldstation 08o 07' S, 34o 55’ W) in the state of Pernambuco, we collected samples of feces from marmosets and gums used by their diet. In the cases of feces were collected from the identified individual, the sex and weight of the individuals were recorded. Other samples were collected on the feeding platforms, in which case no individual data was available. All samples were stored in ependorf without preservatives and stored in freezer -20 oC within 4 h of collection. " Samples of four species of gum trees of the Atlantic Forest and Caatinga - in number of 2 for each site - were collected with the aid of a metal spatula. These were packed in sterilized pots and preserved under refrigeration. In the laboratory, they were lyophilized and later preserved in deep freeze at -20 degrees.
Togo Matoba, Kazunori Hase, Sung Hyek Kim and Akira Yoshikawa: Three-Dimensional Neuro-Musculo-Skeletal Model with Mechanical Characteristics of stretch reflex(2017年7月25日) XXVI Congress of the International Society of Biomechanics(Brisbane, Australia).
Makoto Yoshida, Kazunori Hase: A Simulation Study on the Scale Effects on the Gait of Imaginary Bipeds(2017年7月25日) XXVI Congress of the International Society of Biomechanics(Brisbane, Australia).
本年度は提供を受けたチンパンジー末梢血細胞からiPS細胞を作製し、以下の研究を行った。 a) チンパンジーナイーブ型iPS細胞の開発 現時点で最も有望なナイーブ型への変換方法であるchemical resettingをチンパンジーiPS細胞に適用した。しかし、ナイーブ型iPS細胞株は樹立できなかった。チンパンジーとヒトは近縁種ではあるが、チンパンジー用に培養条件を至適化する必要があると考えている。 b) チンパンジープライム型iPS細胞からの異種間キメラ動物作製 チンパンジープライム型iPS細胞をマウス胚やブタ胚に移植し発生させたところ、2-3日のうちに移植細胞は死滅し、キメラ個体は得られなかった。そこで、iPS細胞に抗アポトーシス因子であるBCL2の誘導型発現システムを導入したものを同様に移植した。その結果、マウス胚において最長で9.5dpcまでの移植細胞の寄与が認められた。ブタ胚においてもほぼ相同な発生段階である19dpcの段階で移植細胞の生存を確認している。ただし、どちらの種においても移植細胞の寄与率が低いこと、出生時においてキメラである個体が得られていないことが今後の検討課題である。 b)の結果については現在論文をまとめており、2018年中の発表を予定している。
Complexity in the Behavioral Organization of Japanese Macaques
Complexity in the Behavioral Organization of Japanese Macaques
Kelly Finn
New bio-logging technologies are becoming increasingly popular for long-term data collection of animal movement, revolutionizing the data quantity one is able to attain from animals in their natural environments; however, extracting biological meaning from these data has been extremely challenging. While organization of movement is driven by many internal factors and external constraints, movement patterns are often our only window into the numerous underlying processes of an animal’s behavioral ecology. Sequences of behavior can have very different structure even with the same amount of behavior, but time series analyses can detect subtle changes in behavioral structure that are missed when using traditional measures, such as average durations or frequencies. However, we do not understand how much variability exists between individuals in the temporal structure of their activity patterns, and how much this varies within an individual by behavioral state, landscape, and social environment. There are also countless methods to analyze time series, and it has not been thoroughly explored which measures might show meaningful variation that correspond to individual or environmental attributes. The full utility of this approach has not been actualized, and the measurement of behavioral complexity is an untapped, potentially fundamental, source of knowledge about an animal’s behavior and health. The present study will determine which pattern characteristics of macaque movement show meaningful variability in scaling, randomness, memory, and intrinsic computation, and which of these attributes vary within an individual across behaviors or environmental contexts. Alongside previously used fractal analyses, we are applying additional complexity measures from the leading edge of information theory to create thorough complexity profiles of an individual’s movement. We recorded sequences of activity and location of macaques in durations of 12 continuous hours, every other day for 2 weeks. We used a combination of GPS and accelerometry bio-loggers, which were attached on collars to a subset of 5 adults. We video recorded hour-long focal follow observations of animals alongside bio-logging in order to determine the behavioral states of the macaques (e.g. foraging, travel). We also recorded group-level video to assess group-level activity and events (feeding, major fights, etc). Thus far we have begun descriptive analysis of the data we have collected. Preliminary analyses reveal individual differences in scaling patterns of movement, and consistent variation based on the time of day. Further analysis will continue quantifying these sequences, as well as GPS spatial data, with our suite of methods. We have also coded 50+ hours of focal follows recorded as video as time-stamped strings of behavioral changes. These data are currently being converted to time series for analysis, and will be used to convert accelerometer to discrete units of movement. The anticipated completion of this analysis is Winter 2018. With this data we will assess the variability in individual captive macaque behavioral structure, use this data to validate monkey behavior for accelerometer data in other studies, and make accessible a toolbox of tested complexity measures for future studies.
論文 Fukuda K., Inoguchi Y., Ichiyanagi K., Ichiyanagi T., Go Y., Nagano M., Yanagawa Y., Takaesu N., Ohkawa Y., Imai H., and Sasaki H.(2017年) Evolution of the sperm methylome of primates is associated with retrotransposon insertions and genome instability. Hum Mol Genet 26(18):3508-3519. 謝辞あり
Kenji Ichiyanagi Evolution of the sperm methylome of primates is associated with retrotransposon insertions and genome instability.(2017年7月) The 2nd Japan-Korea International Symposium for Transposable Elements(Tokyo).
アジアとアフリカの霊長類の採食生態に関して、これまで代表研究者や協力者、所内対応者らが蓄積したデータに基づいて、比較研究をおこなった。とくにコロブス類の葉食について、消化に関する知見を論文にまとめた。 Matsuda, I., P.C.Y. Shi, J.C.M. Sha, M. Clauss, and C.A. Chapman. in press Primate resting postures: constraints by foregut fermentation? Physiological and Biochemical Zoology. Irwin, M.T., J.-L. Raharison, C.A. Chapman, R., Junge, J.M. and Rothman. 2017. Minerals in the foods and diet of diademed sifakas: Are they nutritional challenges? American Journal of Primatology. 10.1002/ajp.22623 Federman, S., M. Sinnott-Armstrong, A.L. Baden, C.A. Chapman, D.C. Daly, A.R. Richard, K. Valenta, M.J. Donoghue. 2017. The paucity of frugivores in Madagascar may not be due to unpredictable temperatures or fruit resources. PLoS ONE 12(1): e0168943. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0168943. Jacob, A.L., M.J. Lechowicz, and C.A. Chapman. 2017. Non-native fruit trees facilitate colonization of native forest trees on abandoned farmland. Restoration Ecology. DOI: 10.1111/rec.12414 Johnson, C.A., D. Raubenheimer, C.A. Chapman, K.J. Tombak, A.J. Reid, and J.M. Rothman. 2017. Macronutrient balancing affects patch departure by guerezas (Colobus guereza). American Journal of Primatology. DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22495
H29-C22 代:Kevin William McCairn 協:Kendall Lee 協:Paul Min 協:Taihei Ninomiya
Multi-Dimensional Analysis of the Limbic Vocal Tic Network and its Modulation via Voltammetry Controlled High-Frequency Deep Brain Stimulation of the Nucleus Accumbens
Multi-Dimensional Analysis of the Limbic Vocal Tic Network and its Modulation via Voltammetry Controlled High-Frequency Deep Brain Stimulation of the Nucleus Accumbens
Kevin William McCairn , Kendall Lee, Paul Min, Taihei Ninomiya