Phylogenetic and population genetic studies for conservation of nonhuman primates in Myanmar
学会発表 Tanaka H, San A M, Kawamoto Y, Hamada Y. Conservation and phylogeography of the macaques distributed in Myanmar(2016年7月16日) 第32回日本霊長類学会大会(鹿児島市).
San A M, Tanaka H Incompatibility of the phylogenetic position of Macaca fascicularis aurea from Myanmar between mitochondrial and Y chromosomal trees( 20 Octber 2016) The 5th Asian Primates Symposium(Sri Jayewardenepura).
San A M, Tanaka H Phylogenetic and population genetic studies for conservation of non-human primates in Myanmar(17 October 2016) Generalization Meeting of Planned Research Program 2014-2016 "Evolution and Conservation of Asian Primates", Pre-symposium meeting for generalization meeting of cooperative research program of Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University( Sri Jayewardenepra University).
Phylogenetic and population genetic studies for conservation of nonhuman primates in Myanmar
Aye San
Myanmar holds a great diversity of nonhuman primates as many as 16 species.However, most of them are threatened due to illegal hunting for foods and pet trade and habitat degradation by anthropogenic activities. Under the planned research “International Cooperative Research on Evolution and Conservation of Asian Primates”, I analyzed variations in mitochondrial DNA in macaques (Macaca fascicularis aurea; Mfa, M. arctoides, M. leonina and M. mulatta) to obtain the phylogeographical information necessary for conservation of each species in Myanmar. For the Myanmar’s long-tailed macaque (Mfa), I investigated the phylogenetic position of Mfa by analyzing of mtDNA and Y-chromosomal sequences. Fecal samples of six inland populations were collected and used for DNA extraction. I determined approx. 1.5 kb of the mitochondrial 12S-16S region and approx. 2.3 kb of TSPY (testis-specific protein, Y chromosome) gene. In order to avoid amplifying the NUMT, the long-PCR product of the 9 kb region of mtDNA was used as a template to amplify the target region. Phylogenetic trees were inferred by Bayesian analysis for mtDNA and by maximum likelihood method for TSPY by employing the DNA sequence data of other macaques representing 5 species groups in the genus. Five and two haplotypes were detected for mtDNA and TSPY from the samples examined, respectively. A monophyletic cluster of Mfa mtDNA was included in the sinica-group while Mfa TSPY was placed in the fascicularis-group. Incompatibility of the phylogenetic position of Mfa between mtDNA and Y chromosomal trees suggests a possible hybrid origin of Mfa. This unique character of Mfa can allow recognizing Mfa as an evolutionary significant unit in long-tailed macaques. The result of the study of Mfa was presented at the 5th Asian Primates Symposium (Sri Jayewardenepura, Sri Lanka, 20 October 2016). Next, I developed a genetic marker for the detection of intra-specific variation: the mitochondrial 1.8kb region that included a full length of cytochrome b gene and hyper variable region 1 of D-loop. In Mfa, the 1.8 kb region was more variable than the 12S-16S region (average P-distance among different haplotypes was 0.0152 for the 1.8 kb region and 0.0049 for the 12S-16S region). Similarly the 1.8 kb region was determined for M. leonina and M. arctoides and M. mulatta. The result of phylogenetic analysis indicated that Myanmar’s M. leonina separated into at least three haplogroups. As to M. arctoides and M. mulatta, further study will be necessary including more samples in order to elucidate the phylogeography in Myanmar and detect the local conservation units. This result was presented at the following conference: Generalization Meeting of Planned Research Program 2014-2016 "Evolution and Conservation of Asian Primates", Pre-symposium meeting for generalization meeting of cooperative research program of Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University (Sri Jayewardenepra University, 17 October 2016).
H28-A3 代:蔦谷 匠 協:米田 穣 協:中川 尚史
飼育下チンパンジーにおける炭素・窒素安定同位体分析
飼育下チンパンジーにおける炭素・窒素安定同位体分析
蔦谷 匠 , 米田 穣, 中川 尚史
同位体採食生態食の研究では、生物の体組織の安定同位体比から採食物の割合を定量的に推定するために、食物と体組織・排泄物のあいだの同位体比の差分をあらかじめ算出しておく必要がある。霊長類研究所に飼育される13個体のチンパンジーを対象に、糞と毛について、この値を求める研究を実施した。その結果、ヒトや他の霊長類種で報告されているのと同様の値が得られた。本成果 (Tsutaya T et al., 2017. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 31:59-67. DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7760) は、野生チンパンジーの同位体採食生態復元の研究に対して、重要な基礎データを提供するものである。 また、同位体分析によって栄養状態や食性のモニタリングができないか検討するために、約1年間にわたって、これらのチンパンジーの尿も連続的に採取した。ボノボやオランウータンの研究から、尿の窒素安定同位体比や窒素濃度は、タンパク質摂取や代謝の状態を非侵襲的にモニタリングできるマーカーになり得る可能性が示唆されている。現在、安定同位体比の測定のための基礎検討や前処理を実施している段階であり、分析の結果が得られ次第、データ解析を実施し、論文化にとりかかる予定である。
論文 Okamoto M, Naito M, Miyanohara M, Imai S, Nomura Y, Saito W, Momoi Y, Takada K, Miyabe-Nishiwaki T, Tomonaga M, Hanada N.(2016) Complete genome sequence of Streptococcus troglodytae TKU31 isolated from an oral cavity of chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes). Microbiology and Immunology. 60(12):811-816. 謝辞あり
エチオピアの中新世後期チョローラ層出土の霊長類化石(850から700万年前)の評価を進めた。2016年の調査により、オナガザル化石がさらに増し、800万年前のBetichaサイト出土のものは総数20点に達した。標本増により、Betichaのコロブス化石が複数種含むのか、変異の大きい単一種か、改めて検討する必要が生じた。先行研究では、下顎臼歯ノッチが深い(葉食適応の進行と関わると解釈される)コロブスは、700万年前以後から報告されている。そのため、Betichaのコロブスの下顎臼歯ノッチ深さと種構成の評価が重要である。そこで、前年度に継続し現生種における下顎臼歯ノッチ深さ等の臼歯形態を調査した。現生標本では歯頚線位置の判定が難しい場合があるため、Colobus polykomosの臼歯60点ほどについてマイクロCT画像と表面3次元画像の双方を獲得し、後者による歯頚線認定に問題がないことを確認した。その上で、C. polykomos, Pi. badius, Pr. verusの3種においてノッチ深さ、咬合面小窩長、咬頭尖位置などを計測した(全81標本)。いずれの現生種においてもノッチ深さの変異は予想以上に大きいことが判明した。この参照データをも基にBetichaのコロブス化石を評価中である。
H28-A20 代:Mukesh Chalise
Study on phylogeography of macaques and langurs in Nepal
Study on phylogeography of macaques and langurs in Nepal
Mukesh Chalise
I continued ecological observations and have collected fecal samples for the phylogeographical study in 2016. The aim of this program was to increase geographical information to assess ecological and evolutionary status of rhesus and Assamese macaques and Himalayan langurs from DNA analysis. In particular, I planned to compare the mode of local genetic differentiation among primate species in the Himalayan region. In previous years we collected some samples of primates from Churia range, Mid-hills and upper mountain regions of Nepal from east to west Nepal in different altitudinal gradients. However, still we want to cover the wider areas of Nepal where primates were observed by MKC. Our setting laboratory facility at Kathmandu currently since 2015 allows us to take PCR products for this program. Non-coding region of mtDNA was sequenced and phylogeography of subject species was assessed by molecular phylogenetic and population genetic analyses. I have also compared the data with those from other distribution areas, such as India, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, China and Thailand to evaluate the taxonomic status of monkeys in Nepal. Molecular assessment in the proposed program was particularly important at first for evaluation of a new species, Arunachal macaques, White-cheeked monkeys in sinica-species group of macaques. It is also valuable to investigate biological contrast observed in South Asian colobines by adding new information on Nepalese langurs. We are very interested in testing the validity of “convergence hypothesis” proposed by Karanth (2003), Karanth et al. (2008 & 2010), new sites of different munzala population (Chakraborthy et al. 2014) and also new species from China (Cheng Li et al. 2015) which assume a unique morphological convergence in macaques and langurs adapting to various niche in South Asia, specially The Himalayan region. I have used in larger extant the facilities and deposited samples in Dr. Kawamoto’s laboratory to do PCR, DNA sequencing and computer analysis. I had compared mtDNA variations of macaques and langurs in Nepal. We could establish a protocol of the DNA analysis which is applicable to the primate populations living in Himalayan region. We also set up a small facility in Kathmandu to extract DNA from collected fecal specimens in 2014 and further enrich in 2015 by the support of Dr. Kawamoto and Prof. Hamada of PRI. Our recent analysis suggested their phylogenetic proximity. But, we need to increase the number of samples and to cover wide areas of their habitats to get confident results. During the cooperative research program, I was attending 5th Asian Primate Symposium organized by PRI, Inuyama and Jayabardhane University held in Colombo 15-24, Oct, 2016. I had collected samples from different altitudinal gradients of the Nepal Himalaya. It ranges from Churia range of south to the lap of inner valleys of the Himalaya for macaques fecal samples whereas for Langur samples from Tarai plain (100masl) to high Himalayan pasture (4500masl). We had collected more than 125 samples covering a span of 1000km of Nepal from east to west and 200km of south to north (Photos 1, 2).
Photo1: Red dot indicates the fecal material collected sites for this research program in Nepal.
Photo 2 Collection of fecal smear in lysis buffer.
H28-A21 代:Tshewang Norbu
Ecological and phylogeographical study on Assamese macaques in Bhutan
Ecological and phylogeographical study on Assamese macaques in Bhutan
Tshewang Norbu
Due to recent discovery of new macaque species in Arunachal Pradesh and southeastern Tibet, evolutionary study of Assamese macaques (Macaca assamensis) in Bhutan becomes an important research subject in order to elucidate evolutionary and phylogenetic relationship among Asian macaques. In this study, we focused on Assamese macaques inhabiting two major river basins in western Bhutan. A total of 83 fecal samples were collected along the Wang chhu and the Ammo chhu rivers during May 2016 – Jan 2017. Fecal DNA was examined to compare the genetic features among populations in the study areas. We successfully sequenced the control region of mtDNA genome at Primate Research Institute in March 2017. Sexing was performed by PCR test with amelogenin primers to compare female specific mtDNA haplotypes. Two step PCRs, first with long PCR and second with target PCR, were used to avoid interference by numt (nuclear mtDNA). Finally, complete sequences of the non-coding region were determined for 48 samples during laboratory work in Inuyama. Phylogeographical assessment suggested that genetic differentiation among the riverine populations were not simply associated with geographical relationship. Some of haplotypes found in different river areas clustered together. The populations inhabiting Wang chhu river basin showed a conspicuous pattern of DNA relation where monkeys in the mid basin were separated from those in lower or upper basin. We will extend this phylogeographical investigation to other populations in central and eastern Bhutan.
H28-A22 代:狩野 文浩
チンパンジーを対象としたアイ・トラッキングによる記憶・心の理論・視線認知についての比較認知研究
チンパンジーを対象としたアイ・トラッキングによる記憶・心の理論・視線認知についての比較認知研究
狩野 文浩
赤外線式のリモート式テーブル設置型のアイ・トラッカーで、チンパンジーを対象に、ビデオを見せたときの眼球運動を測定した。 ヒト幼児ではアイ・コンタクトや名前を呼ぶなどの顕示的手がかりのあとに、視線手がかりを与えると、特にその視線によく反応する(視線の先を追う)ことが知られている。同じテストに、家畜のイヌもヒト幼児と同様の反応を示すことが知られている。類人猿では研究がない。今回はこのテストを行った。ヒト役者が目の前の2つの物体のうちどちらかに目を向ける視線手がかりを与える前に、アイ・コンタクトと名前を呼ぶ顕示的な手がかりを与える条件と、同様に注意を惹くが顕示的ではない手がかり(頭を振る、視覚刺激が頭に提示されるなど)を与える条件の2条件でテストした。 結果、チンパンジーはヒト幼児やイヌのように顕示的な手がかりの後に特に視線の先を追うという結果は認められなかった。ただし、興味深いことに、顕示的手がかりの後に、その手がかりを与えた役者の前のものを積極的に探す視線のパターンが認められた。したがって、チンパンジーはヒトの役者が与える顕示的手がかりの意味役割―つまり、なにか環境について示唆しているということ―をある程度理解していると考えられるが、その顕示的手がかりを視線手がかりに結び付けて、特定の物体について示唆を与えられているというようには理解しなかったことになる。この結果は論文としてまとめ、投稿した。 Human ostensive signals do not enhance gaze-following in great apes but do enhance object search, F Kano, R Moore, C Krupenye, M Tomonaga, S Hirata, J Call, submitted
Network analysis and the spread of parasitic disease in great apes
Network analysis and the spread of parasitic disease in great apes
Jade Burgunder , Klara Petrzelkova, David Modry
We explored the relationship between social contact networks and the spread of pathogenic strongyle nematode parasites in chimpanzees and bonobos. Social network characteristics were compared to each individual's parasite load to investigate how different positions in groups can affect the transmission of disease. Results results were compared between the two species. Fecal samples collected from bonobos (Pan paniscus) in Wamba, Democratic Republic of Congo, were examined in Dr. MacIntosh’s parasitology laboratory at PRI. A modified simple sedimentation method was used for parasite species identification and for quantifying the number of gastrointestinal nematode eggs per gram of faeces (EPG) as a surrogate measure of parasite infection intensity. Strongylid eggs, Strongyloides eggs, dicrocoeliid trematode eggs, Trogodytella trophozoites and Capillaria eggs were detected. Similar to Hasegawa’s parasitological survey in bonobos in Wamba (Hasegawa et al. 1983), the intensity of helminth eggs in our samples was usually very low (mean EPG= 3.79 ± 4.46). Troglodytella and Strongyloides were the most prevalent parasites, with all samples examined testing positive. Parasitological data from chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) in Kalinzu, Uganda were already available to be included in the analyses. The social network position of each individual was determined using association data taken from ‘1 -hour party’ data that have been continuously collected from (1) chimpanzees in Kalinzu and provided by Dr. C. Hashimoto and (2) bonobos in Wamba and provided by Dr. T. Furuichi. Scan data collected from chimpanzees in Kalinzu were also used in the social network analyses to compare to the results obtained form the ‘1-hour party’ data. Social network analyses were implemented using sna and igraph packages in R. Network metrics such as degree, strength, eigenvector centrality and betweenness, obtained from the aforementioned behavioural data were correlated to the parasitological data by constructing generalized mixed-effect models. We found that strength and centrality have a significant effect on the intensity of strongylid infection in bonobos, whereas no social metrics could predict the intensity of infection in chimpanzees. These results suggest that bonobo’s position within their social network influences their level of infection by gastrointestinal nematodes. The different outcome found with the chimpanzee model may be explained by divergence in social association patterns between the two great ape species and this will need further investigation. A manuscript will be under preparation for a submission this year.
H28-A25 代:岡本-Barth早苗 協:Katie Hinde
Chimpanzee milk bioactive factors and relationship to infant growth'チンパンジー母乳における生物活性因子と子供の成長との関係性
Chimpanzee milk bioactive factors and relationship to infant growth'チンパンジー母乳における生物活性因子と子供の成長との関係性
岡本-Barth早苗 , Katie Hinde
本研究では2000年から数年に渡り思考言語分野において採取、冷凍保存されていたチンパンジーの母乳サンプルを調べることにより、ヒトとチンパンジーにおける代謝および免疫に関係する因子の比較をおこなう。またチンパンジーの授乳期間が長いことから、母乳中の因子と乳児の発達との関係性を調べる。さらに同様に採取された母子の糞尿サンプルもあわせて調べることにより、乳児の発達に伴った母子の生理学的変化を総合的に検討する。26年度は、母乳サンプル輸出について、ワシントン条約に基づいたCITES(Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species)手続きのためチンパンジー3個体各々の書類準備をおこなったが、個体履歴等の証明書類の完備が困難で手続きが長期化することが予想された。そのため、コロラド大学の研究協力者が来日して所内の実験室において、分析をおこなう方針に変更した。しかし、当初予定していた分析試薬の国内入手が困難であることが判明した。そこで27年度から新たに参加した研究協力者が異なる分析キットを用いて母乳の分析を開始する予定であったが、当人の所属異動(ハーバード大学からアリゾナ州立大学)に伴い来日しての分析を行うことが困難になったために、今年度に分析施行を予定していたが、諸事情により現在も施行されておらず、保留状態になっている。
Kashiwagi, K., Mori, T. Hino, Y., Kano, A., and Takai, M. Dating rock failure by speleothem and cave use of Japanese monkeys: a case study of Saru-ana Cave in the karst region along Kurobe Gorge in eastern Toyama Prefecture of central Japan (2017年05月24日 ) JpGU-AGU Joint Meeting 2017.
論文 Maisa Sekizawa, Nobuyuki Kutsukake(2019) Maternal protectiveness is negatively associated with infant handling in wild Japanese macaques Behaviour 156(2):155-179. 謝辞あり
Maisa Sekizawa, Nobuyuki Kutsukake The significance of infant handling in wild Japanese macaques( 2017年12月12日~2017年12月15日) Gottinger Freilandtage. Social complexity: patterns, processes and evolution( ドイツ).
論文 Kunimatsu, Y., Nakatsukasa, M., Sakai, T., Saneyoshi, M., Sawada, Y., and Nakaya, H.(2017) A newly discovered galagid fossil from Nakali, an early Late Miocene locality of East Africa. Journal of Human Evolution 105:123-126. 謝辞あり
Handa, N., Nakatsukasa, M., Kunimatsu, Y., and Nakaya, H.(2017) A new Elasmotheriini (Perissodactyla, Rhinocerotidae) from the upper Miocene of Samburu Hills and Nakali, northern Kenya Geobios 50(3):197-209.
論文 Nagai Y, Kikuchi E, Lerchner W, Inoue KI, Ji B, Eldridge MAG, Kaneko H, Kimura Y, Oh-Nishi A, Hori Y, Kato Y, Hirabayashi T, Fujimoto A, Kumata K, Zhang MR, Aoki I, Suhara T, Higuchi M, Takada M, Richmond BJ, Minamimoto T.(2016) PET imaging-guided chemogenetic silencing reveals a critical role of primate rostromedial caudate in reward evaluation. Nat Commun. 7: :13605. 謝辞あり
Ji B, Kaneko H, Minamimoto T, Inoue H, Takeuchi H, Kumata K, Zhang MR, Aoki I, Seki C, Ono M, Tokunaga M, Tsukamoto S, Tanabe K, Shin RM, Minamihisamatsu T, Kito S, Richmond BJ, Suhara T, Higuchi M.(2016) DREADD-expressing neurons in living brain and their application to implantation of iPSC-derived neuroprogenitors. J Neurosci. 36(45):11544 ?11558.
学会発表 Minamimoto T. PET imaging-guided chemogenetic manipulation of primate neural circuits (2016.12.1) Non-human Primates Chemogenetic Workshop(National Institutes of Health, Bethesda).
論文 Ohmae, S. & Tanaka, M.(2016) Two different mechanisms for the detection of stimulus omission. Sci. Rep. 6:20615.
Kunimatsu, J., Suzuki, T.W. & Tanaka, M.(2016) Implications of lateral cerebellum in proactive control of saccades. J. Neurosci. 36:7066-7074.
Suzuki, W.T., Kunimatsu, J. & Tanaka, M.(2016) Correlation between pupil size and subjective passage of time in non-human primates. J. Neurosci. 36:11331-11337.
Kunimatsu, J. & Tanaka, M.(2016) Striatal dopamine modulates timing of self-initiated saccades. Neuroscience 337:131-142.
Suzuki TW., Kunimatsu J. & Tanaka M. Correlation between pupil size and self-timed saccade latency in non-human primates.(2016.11.12) 北米神経科学学会(San Diego).
Uematsu A. & Tanaka M. Temporal prediction signals in the cerebellar dentate nucleus are shaped by GABAergic inputs in behaving monkeys.(2016.11.16) 北米神経科学学会(San Diego).
亀田将史、田中真樹 Neuronal correlates of temporal prediction in the primate striatum.(2016.7.20-22) 日本神経科学大会(横浜).
論文 Kobayashi, K., Kato, S., and Kobayashi, K.(2017) Genetic manipulation of specific neural circuits by use of a viral vector system. J. Neural Transm. in press.
学会発表 Sugawara, M., Tanabe, S., Uezono, S., Tsuge, H., Fujiwara, M., Miwa, M., Konoike, N., Kato, S., Nakamura, K., Inoue, K., Takada, M., and Kobayashi, K. Difference in efficiency of retrograde gene transfer and cytotoxicity between lentiviral vectors pseudotyped with FuG-E and FuG-B2 glycoproteins in primate brains. (12-14 December 2016) The 6th Annual Meeting of Japan Society for Marmoset Reseach. (Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo).
ドーパミンは全ての哺乳類において、運動機能や認知機能の調整のみならず学習や報酬系にも深く関与しており、その制御の解明については重要課題である。近年、大脳基底核の淡蒼球外節細胞がドーパミン細胞群である黒質緻密部に投射することが報告されたが、淡蒼球外節のどのニューロンが投射し、どのように作用するかは明らかではなかった。 本研究では、最終的には霊長類での解明を目指すが、これまでPV-Creマウスを用いた研究しかなかったところ、所内対応者の高田昌彦教授との共同研究で、PV-Creラットを世界で初めて作成していただき、このラットを使用して、淡蒼球外節の中でもパルブアルブミンを持つ細胞だけを赤の蛍光タンパクで可視化することで、神経終末が黒質緻密部の特定の領域に優位に分布することを明らかにした。さらに、淡蒼球外節のパルブアルブミン細胞の活性化によって黒質緻密部のドーパミン細胞が強く抑制されることが電気生理学的に証明された(Oh, Karube et al., Brain Structure and Function, in press)。 このPV-Creラットの成功によって、次の段階として、マーモセットを用いた実験を予定している。この研究によって、運動や学習における大脳基底核の理解、黒質緻密部の変性疾患であるパーキンソン病の病態への理解の進歩が期待できる。
論文 Atsushi Kasai, Sora Kakihara, Hiroki Miura, Ryo Okada, Atsuko Hayata-Takano, Keisuke Hazama, Misaki Niu, Norihito Shintani, Takanobu Nakazawa, Hitoshi Hashimoto(2016) Double in situ hybridization for MicroRNAs and mRNAs in Brain Tissues Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience 9:126.
Kaoru Seiriki, Atsushi Kasai, Takahiro Kuwaki, Takanobu Nakazawa, Shun Yamaguchi, Hitoshi Hashimoto(2016) Critical involvement of the orbitofrontal cortex in hyperlocomotion induced by NMDA receptor blockade in mice Biochmical and Biophysical Research Communications 480(4):558-563.
最近の研究の中で我々のグループは、嫌悪的な事象(報酬の消失や罰刺激の出現)に対して活動を上昇させる外側手綱核と前部帯状皮質の役割分担について報告した(Kawai et al & Matsumoto, Neuron, 2015)。外側手綱核が現在の嫌悪事象を素早く検出するのに対し、前部帯状皮質は現在だけでなく、過去に経験した嫌悪事象の情報も保持することを明らかにした。また、前部帯状皮質には、動物の回避行動に関係するニューロン活動も多く見られた。以上の結果から、我々のグループでは、前部帯状皮質は外側手綱核から嫌悪事象に関わるシグナルを受け、そのシグナルを回避行動を調節するためのシグナルに変換しているのではないかと考えている。平成28年度はその変換メカニズムを理解するため、前部帯状皮質内のローカルネットワークに注目し、ローカルネットワークを形成する興奮性の錐体細胞と抑制性の介在細胞がそれぞれどのような情報を伝達しているのか解析した。その結果、他の領域にシグナルを伝達する錐体細胞よりも、前部帯状皮質内部の情報処理に関わる介在細胞の方が報酬や回避行動に関係するシグナルを多く伝達していることが明らかになった。以上のデータをまとめた論文を投稿準備中であり、研究成果の図の提出は見送りたい。
脊椎動物において、視物質とは似て非なる光受容蛋白質(非視覚型オプシン)が数多く同定されている。私共は、マウスやヒトの非視覚型オプシンOPN5がUV感受性の光受容蛋白質であることを見出し(Kojima et al., 2011)、従来UV光受容能がないとされていた霊長類にも、UV感受性の光シグナル経路が存在するという仮説を提唱した。本研究では、OPN5を介した光受容が霊長類においてどのような生理的役割を担うのかを推定するため、霊長類におけるOPN5の発現パターンや分子機能を解析してきたが、これまでの霊長類の組織試料を用いた解析から、ニホンザルなど霊長類OPN5遺伝子には、他のオプシン遺伝子との類似性からは予測できないエクソンが存在することを見出している。本年度は、このような特異なエクソンをもつスプライスバリアントが、どのような動物種で発現しているのかを実験的に検証した。霊長類以外の哺乳類としてマウスOPN5遺伝子由来のスプライス産物について調べたところ、同様のスプライスバリアントは発現しているが、ニホンザルなどに比べると発現量は非常に少ないことがわかった。また、哺乳類以外の脊椎動物(ニワトリやゼブラフィッシュ)では、このようなスプライスバリアントは全く検出されなかった。このOPN5スプライスバリアントは通常型mRNAとは異なり、光受容タンパク質はコードしておらず、霊長類においてどのような機能・存在意義があるのかは興味深い問題である。
H28-B29 代:星 英司 協:石田 裕昭
高次脳機能を支える越シナプスネットワークの解析
論文
学会発表 Ishida H, Inoue K, Takada M, Hoshi E Origin of multisynaptic projections from the amygdala to the forelimb region of the ventral premotor cortex in macaque monkeys(2016/7/21) The 39th Annual Meeting of Japan Neuroscience Society.
論文 Masaya Tamura(2020) Extractive foraging on hard‐shelled walnuts and variation of feeding techniques in wild Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) American journal of primatology 82(6):e23130. 謝辞あり
Masaya TAMURA Extractive foraging of hard-shelled walnuts and variation of feeding techniques in wild Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata). (August 2018) XXVII Congress of the International Primatological Society(Nairobi, Kenya).
K. Itoh, M. Nejime, N. Konoike, T. Nakada, K. Nakamura Evolutionary elongation of the time window of auditory cortical processing: Comparison of effects of stimulus time parameters on human and macaque scalp auditory evoked potentials(2016.12.30) 5th Joint Meeting of the Acoustical Society of America and the Acoustical Society of Japan( Honolulu, USA).
サル類における聴覚事象関連電位の記録
伊藤 浩介
明らかな適応的意義の見当たらない音楽は、何故どのように進化したのだろうか。本研究は、従来の行動指標の代わりに事象関連電位(ERP)や誘発電位(EP)を用いて、音楽の系統発生を探る試みである。これまでの研究で、マカクザルを対象に、無麻酔かつ無侵襲で頭皮上からERP/EPを記録するための方法論を確立した。これにより、頭皮上の最大19チャンネルから、純音刺激に対する聴覚EPの皮質成分を記録し、mP1, mN1, mP2, mN2, mSPの各成分を世界で初めて同定・命名した(Itoh et al., Hearing Research, 2015)。本年度は、これをもとに、マカクとヒトにおける聴覚処理の種差を違いを検討した。具体的には、純音刺激の持続時間を100ミリ秒から2ミリ秒まで短くしていった際のEP振幅への影響や、和音などの音楽的刺激に対する応答などについて調べた。並行して、マーモセットを対象とした、無麻酔かつ無侵襲の頭皮上脳波記録につき、保定法や電極の検討を行い、2頭から聴覚EPの記録に成功した。
加齢に伴う呼吸器系の内臓のカルシウム、燐、マグネシウム、硫黄、鉄、亜鉛など元素蓄積の特徴を明らかにするため、サルの肺の元素含量の加齢変化を調べた。用いたサルは19頭、年齢は新生児から30歳までである。サルより肺を乾燥重量100mg程度採取し、水洗後乾燥して、硝酸と過塩素酸を加えて、加熱して灰化し、高周波プラズマ発光分析装置(ICPS-7510、島津製)で元素含量を測定し、次のような結果が得られた。 ① サルの肺の平均カルシウム含量は1.567mg/gであり、いずれも4mg/g以下で、カルシウム蓄積がほとんど生じない内臓であることが分かった。 ② 年齢とカルシウム含量の相関係数は0.7135(p=0.0006)であり、有意な正の相関が認められた。この結果は加齢とともに肺のカルシウム含量が徐々に増加することを示している。 ③ 年齢と亜鉛含量の相関係数は-0.4746(p=0.004)であり、有意な負の相関が認められた。この結果はサルの肺の抗酸化作用をもつ亜鉛が加齢ととも減少することを示している。
H28-B37 代:三浦 智行 協:水田 量太 協:阪脇 廣美
複合ワクチネーションによるSIVの感染防御効果の解析
論文 Ishida, Y., Yoneda, M., Otsuki, H., Watanabe, Y., Kato, F., Matsuura, K., Kikukawa, M., Matsushita, S., Hishiki, T., Igarashi, T., and Miura, T.(2016) Generation of a neutralization-resistant CCR5 tropic SHIV-MK38 molecular clone, a derivative of SHIV-89.6. J. Gen. Virol. 97:1249-1260.
学会発表 Nami Arakawa Comparative Study of Skin Gene Expression Patterns between Humans and Apes (Poster)(2016年7月4日) The annual meeting of the Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution(Queensland's Gold Coast, Australia).
論文 M. Nakatsukasa, S. Almecija, D.R. Begun(2016) The hands of Miocene hominoids In: The Evolution of the Primate Hand (eds.) T.L. Kivell, P. Lemelin, B.G. Richmond, D. Schmitt. New York, Springer:485-514. 謝辞なし
越シナプス神経トレーサーにより、腹側中脳から二シナプス性に脊髄へ投射していることを見出した。その中継核は大脳皮質運動野であると仮説を立てた。腹側中脳を電気刺激すると上肢の筋群に筋活動が誘発された。一方で、一次運動野を薬理的に不活性化したところ、腹側中脳を電気刺激すると、それによって誘発される筋肉活動が減弱した。この結果から、腹側中脳は大脳皮質運動野を介して、脊髄運動ニューロンに投射していると結論付けられた。この成果にて、下記に示す2本の研究発表を行った。 1)Michiaki Suzuki, Ken-ichi Inoue, Hiroshi Nakagawa, Masahiko Takada, Tadashi Isa, Yukio Nishimura, Motivation center in the ventral midbrain directly activates the descending motor pathways via the primary motor cortex. 第39回日本神経科学大会 2)鈴木 迪諒, 井上 謙一, 中川 浩, 高田 昌彦, 伊佐 正, 西村 幸男腹側中脳は一次運動野を介して脊髄運動ニューロンの興奮性を促通する.第10回モーターコントロール研究会.この発表は優秀ポスター賞に選出された。
ボルネオ島の固有種で絶滅危惧種であるテングザルについて、生息域外保全を促進することを目的に、飼育下個体群の遺伝的多様性の解析に取り組んだ。非侵襲的サンプリングによる個体識別および親子判定法の確立を目的に、よこはま動物園の飼育個体の糞便よりDNAを抽出し、Salgado et al (2010)のマイクロサテライトDNA増幅用のプライマーを再調整することで、19セットのマイクロサテライトDNAプライマーを3つのマルチプレックスPCRセットで効率的に解析することが可能となった。 さらにより多くの飼育下の希少霊長類の遺伝的多様性解析を目的に、よこはま動物園飼育下の霊長類3種(フランソワルトン、アビシニアコロブス、ドゥクラングール)について、テングザルのマイクロサテライトprimerセットの適用を試みた。飼育下個体の糞便よりDNAを抽出、Salgado et alの8個のプライマーセットによるPCRを実施した結果、3個のプライマーセットにおいて、複数のアリルが同一種内から確認できたことから、遺伝的多様性解析に利用可能であることが明らかとなった。
Jun J. Nakano, Kimiko Shimizu, Shigeki Shimba & Yoshitaka Fukada(2016) SCOP/PHLPP1b in the basolateral amygdala regulates circadian expression of mouse anxiety-like behavior Scientific reports 6:33500.
霊長類における概日時計と脳高次機能との連関
清水 貴美子 , 深田 吉孝
我々はこれまで、齧歯類を用いて海馬依存性の長期記憶形成効率に概日変動があることを見出し、SCOPという分子が概日時計と記憶を結びつける鍵因子であることを示してきた (Shimizu et al. Nat Commun 2016)。本研究では、ヒトにより近い脳構造・回路を持つサルを用いて、SCOPを介した概日時計と記憶との関係を明らかにすることを目的とする。 ニホンザル6頭を用いて、苦い水と普通の水をそれぞれ飲み口の色が異なる2つのボトルにいれ、水の味と飲み口の色との連合学習による記憶効率の時刻依存性について実験をおこなっている。各個体あたり、朝/昼/夕の何れかに試験をおこない、学習から24時間後にテストを行う。それぞれのボトルの水を飲んだ回数をビデオ観察し、正解と不正解の回数の比により、記憶の判断をおこなった。各時刻3回ずつ6頭の記憶テストデータを解析した結果、昼に最も記憶効率が高く、夕方が最も記憶効率が低いという結果が得られた。記憶効率の時刻変動にSCOPが関わるかどうかを検討するため、6頭のうちの2頭を使って、SCOP shRNA発現レンチウイルスまたはコントロールレンチウイルスのいずれかを海馬に投与した。レンチウイルスの投与は、統合脳システム分野の高田昌彦教授・井上謙一助教のご協力により行った。投与手術からの回復を待ち、現在、記憶効率の測定を進めている。また、実験室内でのニホンザルの飲水行動パターンについて基礎的データを得るため、5分間隔で飲水量を数日間にわたり連続測定できる装置を導入した。この装置を用いて、飲水行動の日周リズムの解析を始めた。
Sotomaru Y. Techniques for creating genetically identical animalsin the non-human primates(2016年3月16日) 2017 Asia-Oceania Regional Meeting for Marmoset Research(Seoul, Korea).
Functional characterization of bitter taste receptors in Asian Leaf-eating Monkeys
論文 Laurentia Henrieta Permita Sari Purba, Kanthi Arum Widayati, Kei Tsutsui, Nami Suzuki-Hashido, Takashi Hayakawa, Sarah Nila, Bambang Suryobroto, Hiroo Imai(2017) Functional characterization of the TAS2R38 bitter taste receptor for phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) in colobine monkeys Biology Letters 13: 20160834.
学会発表 Laurentia Henrieta Permita Sari Purba, Kanthi Arum Widayati, Sarah Nila, Kei Tsutsui, Nami Suzuki-Hashido, Takashi Hayakawa, Bambang Suryobroto, Hiroo Imai Functional characterization of TAS2R38 bitter taste receptors to Phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) in Colobine Monkeys(5-9 June 2016) 17th International Symposium on Olfaction and Taste (Japan).
Laurentia Henrieta Permita Sari Purba, Kanthi Arum Widayati, Kei Tsutsui, Nami Suzuki-Hashido, Takashi Hayakawa, Sarah Nila, Bambang Suryobroto, Hiroo Imai Functional characterization of bitter taste perception in leaf-eating monkeys(30-31 January 2016) The 60th Primates Conference (Japan).
Functional characterization of bitter taste receptors in Asian Leaf-eating Monkeys
Laurentia Henrieta Permita Sari Purba
TAS2R38 is one of TAS2R multigene families that encode receptor to recognize bitter from several N-C=S compounds including PTC. TAS2R38 had been identified in many primates. TAS2R38 in human, chimpanzee, Japanese macaques exhibit intra-species polymorphism that lead to different behavioural response of individual. Taster individual show aversion to PTC, in contrast to tolerant in non-taster individuals. Leaf-eating monkeys (Subfamily Colobines) are unique among primates because their diet mostly consisted of leaves that perceptually tasted bitter to human. We conducted preliminary behavioral experiments of PTC-tasting on leaf-eating monkeys kept in Ragunan Zoo. The result indicated that nine individuals of genera Trachypithecus, Presbytis and Nasalis were all less sensitive to PTC compared with macaque. Genomic DNA of leaf-eating monkey was obtained from fecal samples. After DNA extraction, TAS2R38 gene region was specifically amplified using standard PCR reaction. The DNA sequences of amplicons showed that there are some polymorphisms in the TAS2R38 genes of the monkeys. By calcium imaging methods, we found the cell expressing TAS2R38 receptors of leaf-eating monkeys have lower respond to PTC compared to macaque. Direct mutations in four amino acids of TAS2R38 of macaque to mimic colobines confirmed that those mutations in colobines are responsible to the decreased sensitivities to PTC.
関連学会発表 Gaku MASUDA "Vector Borne Disease Control and Survey", Lecture at the National Institute of Malariology Paracitology and Epidemiology, Vietnam ,5th Dec 2016
学会発表 Sellers WI et al Lateral stability and footfall sequences in primate locomotion(2016) European Society for the Study of Human Evolution(Madrid, Spain).
Hirasaki E, Sellers WI. Markerless 3D motion capture for animal locomotion studies(30-31 Jan, 2017) The 50th Anniversary Symposium of KUPRI(Inuyama).
The Comparative Biomechanics of the Primate Hand
William Sellers
This project aimed to compare the functional biomechanical implications of the manipulation and locomotor uses of the hand in Japanese macaques. Building on the work we have carried out in previous years we used our markerless motion capture system in an 8 camera configuration to record the monkey's finger movements under laboratory conditions. We provided two locomotor tasks and a single tool use task, and used two monkeys as participants. The first locomotor task was horizontal walking on a flat surface to measure the finger movements in a situation where grip did not occur. The second locomotion task was horizontal walking on a rigid pole which the monkey needed to grasp firmly for stability. The tool use task required the monkey to pull on a small cylinder with the same diameter as the horizontal pole in order to retrieve a small food item. The orientation of the cylinder was altered during different repeats of the experiment. Building on previous experience we changed the camera configuration such that we had 2 groups of 4 cameras rather than a single arc of 8 cameras. This greatly increased the angular range of reconstruction which was necessary since we wanted to get measurements on as many fingers as possible in a single experiment. However the Agisoft Photoscan Pro software was unable to merge the data from the two sets of cameras automatically. The solution was to use printed markers within the experimental field of view. These were able to align the two camera groups with minimal manual intervention, and the end result was improved 3D coverage of the reconstruction volume. The monkeys were trained to perform all experiments and this aspect worked extremely well. Both animals were perfectly happy to make multiple repeats. More difficult was the requirement to zoom in tightly around the hand. In the tool use cases this was not a major problem since the position of the tool was defined by the experimenter. However for the locomotor cases this meant that the monkeys needed to touch the substrate in very specific locations that needed to be decided before the experiment began because all 8 cameras needed to be focussed in on the same place. On many occasions, the animals chose to put their hands down in different locations and thus these trials could not be used. However all in all we managed to collect a good amount of data for all the experimental conditions and analysis of this is ongoing. Initial results have been presented in papers at three conferences listed below, and the overall analysis will be published in a suitable journal when it has been completed.
H28-B66 代:Bambang Suryobroto
Genomic Evolution of Sulawesi Macaques
Genomic Evolution of Sulawesi Macaques
Bambang Suryobroto
The island of Sulawesi (Central Indonesia) lays on east of Borneo that is the easternmost limit of Asia/Oriental zoogeographic realm. It has never had permanent land-bridges with Sunda Land which necessitates the Oriental animals to cross Wallace Line in migrating to Sulawesi. The Sulawesi macaques are thought of as having an ancestor that was a member of the stock that will eventually lead to silenus-sylvanus species group. Having migrated into the three-arm peninsular Sulawesi Island, they differentiated to become seven morphologically distinct species in seven allopatric areas. There are three interrelated issues concerning the evolution of Sulawesi macaques; that is, taxonomic status, hybrid population problem and phylogenetic relationship. Specific status of the seven morphs was generally adopted; however, when hybrid specimens from borderland between contiguous species were found, their biological species delimitation (sensu Mayr 1964) was thought to be compromised. Furthermore, in the absence of fossil record, their phylogenetic relationship is not yet resolved. In contribution to these evolutionary questions, we determined the exome sequences of Macaca tonkeana and M. hecki that live side-by-side in the central area of the Island and had been recorded to have hybrid populations in their borderland. The evolutionary relationship of the two species may reflects the model of speciation with gene flow; that is, despite considerable gene flow, we may expect that there are "genomic speciation islands" that contain genes responsible for local adaptation and reproductive isolation. Specifically, we would like to know what are the genes in their genomic islands of speciation. In this preliminary analysis, we found that there are at least six genes that have fixed differences between the two species. The genes function in immune system, obesity risk and structural/growth characteristics that may be related to species differentiation.
"Functional genomics of HERV-K,R LTR elements in primates"
"Functional genomics of HERV-K,R LTR elements in primates"
Kim Heui-Soo , Hee-Eun Lee
Human endogenous retrovirus (HERV) is classified as long terminal repeat (LTR) retrotransposons and they integrated into the genome during primate evolution. HERV-K is about 9.5kb long with two long terminal repeats (LTRs) and four main viral genes called Gag, Pro, Pol, and Env, and it is the most active family of HERV in human genome which is capable of encoding functional retroviral gene products. The mRNA expression of HERV-K differed between various tissues of all humans and primates. Additionally, the expression of protein level was checked to find out both expressions of mRNA and protein level matches. From this study, the results represents that even from various tissues of each species varies, and the expression between the various species’ tissues shows different expression patterns. Therefore, analyzing the epigenetic aspects from genomic level of various monkeys will be continued for the further study.
H28-B70 代:今村 拓也
種特異的ノンコーディングRNAによるほ乳類脳神経機能分化
種特異的ノンコーディングRNAによるほ乳類脳神経機能分化
今村 拓也
本課題は、ほ乳類脳のエピゲノム形成に関わるnon-coding RNA (ncRNA)制御メカニズムとその種間多様性を明らかにすることを目的としている。本年度は、チンパンジーiPS細胞と神経幹細胞のトランスクリプトーム及び、ゲノムのトポロジカルドメイン情報の取得に成功した。加えて、これまでの過年度の共同利用において既得の霊長類・げっ歯類ncRNA情報(DDBJアクセション番号DRA000861,DRA003227,DRA003228など)をもとにncRNAの霊長類進化における機能を解析し、獲得ncRNAが遺伝子発現スイッチオンに確かに寄与していることを明らかにした(Uesaka et al, BMC Genomics, 2017)。これらncRNAによるトポロジカルドメイン変化について現在解析中である。
我々は霊長類におけるゲノム進化とエピゲノム進化の関係を解明するため、霊長類各種の組織におけるDNAメチル化の比較解析を行ってきた(Fukuda et al. 2013, J. Human Genet.58:446-454、Fukuda et al. 投稿中)。本年度は過年度に提供いただいたテナガザル、チンパンジー、ゴリラの精巣サンプルからRNAを抽出し、小分子RNAのライブラリーを作成し、シーケンシングを行った。ゴリラを除いて、それぞれ約1000万個ほどの配列を取得することができたので、現在、その詳細を解析しているところである。
Yang Feng; Kazunori Hase, Yuichiro Hayashi, Tatsuhiko Yano Biomechanical Analysis of Japanese Traditional Nanba-Style Walking Using A 3D Inverse Dynamics Model(2016年7月) XIV International Symposium on 3D Analysis of Human Movement(Taipei, Taiwan).
"Bornean and Brazilian flooded forest primates: patterns, parallels and prospects"
"Bornean and Brazilian flooded forest primates: patterns, parallels and prospects"
Adrian Barnett
A presentation ("Uacaris [Cacajao Pitheciidae] and the fruits of seasonally-flooded forests: an unexpectedly subtle set of interactions") was made at the 7th. International Symposium on Primatology and Wildlife Science in March 2017.
Meetings were held with professors of Kyoto University, notably Dr. Takakazu Yumoto, and the possibilities discussed of Brazilian students coming to Kyoto to undertake PhDs and of Kyoto students coming to work on projects with Amazonian mammals while linked to INPA (National Institute of Amazon Research, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazi). Potential projects were also discussed with Kyoto-based students.
In addition at the Japan Monkey Centre, with the kind cooperation of Dr. Tomo Takano, I was able to measure the teeth of the three specimens of Cacajao in their collection, so gaining data that will form part of an up-coming theses by my Master's studetn Renann Paiva and, then soon, a publication.
Furthermore, I had discussions with Dr. Ikki Matsuda, Chubu University, concerning the methods for a mutual project on primate diets and food fragment size as well as a discussion on two books that we propose to submit to academic editors.
In addition, and quite unplanned, a comment by a student at the Primate Research Institute sparked a line of museum investigation which will almost certainly result in a note in a primatologial journal.
H28-B91 代:Luca Fiorenza
"Tooth function, ecology and diet in Primates"
"Tooth function, ecology and diet in Primates"
Luca Fiorenza
During my research visit at the Primate Research Institute in November 2016 I have collected over 250 primate specimens taking high-resolution dental negative impressions with A-silicone material: this includes, Gorilla gorilla (4), Pan troglodytes (16), Macaca f. fuscata (74), Macaca f. yakui (53), Macaca cyclopis (10), Macaca sinica (3), Macaca nigra (6), Macaca radiata (13), Macaca tibetana (3), Macaca assamensis (10), Macaca fascicularis (10), Macaca mulatta (10), Papio hamdryas (24), and hybrids of Macaca (26).I am in the process of creating positive replicas of teeth with die-stone material suitable for 3D scanning. I will then send the dental casts to the University of New England (Asutralia) where they will generate for me high-resolution 3D polygonal models of teeth. This, however, is an extremely time-consuming process that will require time.The 3D models will be analysed with our sophisticated method called Occlusal Fingerprint Analysis (Kullmer et al., 2009). Through the analysis of wear facets we will reconstruct the jwa movements responsible for their creation. Thus, we will be able to better understand the relationship between tooth morphology, diet and wear in non-human primate teeth.
論文 Yoshida K, Go Y, Kushima I, Toyoda A, Fujiyama A, Imai H, Saito N, Iriki A, Ozaki N, Isoda M. (2016) Single-neuron and genetic correlates of autistic behavior in macaque. Science Advances 2(9):e1600558. 謝辞あり
学会発表 Yasuhiro Go Spatiotemporal gene expression trajectory in the human and non-human ape brains(2016年10月11日) 6th Joint CIN–NIPS International Symposium(Tübingen, Germany).
H28-B97 代:NORLINDA MOHD DAUT 協:Badrul Munir Md. Zain
AGE RELATED DIFFERENCES IN POSITIONAL BEHAVIOR AND DIETARY ADAPTATION OF HABITUATED SILVERED LEAF MONKEY
AGE RELATED DIFFERENCES IN POSITIONAL BEHAVIOR AND DIETARY ADAPTATION OF HABITUATED SILVERED LEAF MONKEY
NORLINDA MOHD DAUT , Badrul Munir Md. Zain
I was at Primate Research Institute (PRI) of Kyoto University on 13th of September 2016 until 4th October 2016 under Cooperative Research Program. I stayed at the dorm for Center for International Collaboration and Advanced Studies in Primatology which is located adjacent to PRI. During my 20 days at Inuyama campus, I have done many things that contributes a lot to my study. Since my study is around age related differences in positional behavior and dietary adaptation of habituated Silvered leaf monkey (Trachypithecus cristatus), I had experienced in collecting and handling fecal samples, analyzing particle size and nutrition. My co-supervisor Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ikki Matsuda taught me on the particle size analysis. He also advised me on collecting and handling fecal samples of T. cristatus in captivity at Japan Monkey Centre. Assoc. Prof. Dr. Goro Hanya had trained me on laboratory work. He showed me how to run few nutritional assays including, assessing amount of ash and non-ash, measuring fiber and analyzing nitrogen and crude protein. Apparently, this project is still in progress and supervised by Prof. Dr. Badrul Munir bin Md-Zain and Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ikki Matsuda. Part of the study especially on the particle size of T. cristatus in captivity is completed. The data is important and useful especially in comparing with the free ranging populations in Malaysia. However, the research will be more comprehensive if I would have more time for sampling and laboratory testing. I would be also grateful if I could have more time to master the laboratory analysis a well.
H28-B98 代:Farhani Ruslin 協:Badrul Munir Md-Zain
"Diet, activity, home range and interspecific interactions of long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) and dusky leaf monkeys (Trachypithecus obscurus) in dipterocarp forest fragments, Malaysia"
"Diet, activity, home range and interspecific interactions of long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) and dusky leaf monkeys (Trachypithecus obscurus) in dipterocarp forest fragments, Malaysia"
Farhani Ruslin , Badrul Munir Md-Zain
I arrived at PRI on 13th September 2016 from Malaysia. I went to Japan Monkey Centre and Chubu University for couple of days and having a great time. Then, the analysis of ecological and behavioral data was conducted with Collaborator and Associate Professor of Wildlife Research Center of Kyoto University, Dr. Ikki Matsuda. I have experienced different environment in how Japan primatologist does scientific research and acquired valuable knowledge from the respected collaborators. More importantly, I have learnt to analyze the ecological data specifically on diet, food availability, activity budget and core area of Malaysian long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) and dusky langurs (Trachypithecus obscurus) in dipterocarp forest edges. I was be able to utilize the PRI journal library for references. I went back to Malaysia on 4th October 2016 after staying in PRI for 20 days. Currently, the project is still in progress with collaborator and my sensei/co-supervisor, Dr.Ikki Matsuda. A PhD thesis (under Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia) is being written as one of the output of this research grant.
学会発表 Miki Matsuabra Effects of seed removal in wild Japanese macaque (Macaca fuscata yakui) feces by coprophagyof sika deer (CervusNippon yakushimae) on Yakushima Island(August 21-27, 2016) Joint meeting of the International Primatological Society and the American Society of Primatologists(Chicago, Illinois, USA).
Kanako MUTA, Takako MIYABE-NISHIWAKI, Kenichi MASUI, Isao YAJIMA, Tomoya IIZUKA, Fumiaki KANEKO, Ryohei NISHIMURA. Pharmacokinetic analysis of propofol in common marmosets: a preliminary study.(19-20, Feb, 2017) The 8th Joint Symposium of veterinary Research in East Asia(Taichung, Taiwan).
学会発表 Makoto Morikawa, Porrawee Pomchote, Tadashi Sankai, Yuzuru Hamada, Koichi Matsuo. Seasonality in bone metabolism of auditory ossicles and long bones in the primate Macaca fuscata.(August 21-24, 2016) Australian and New Zealand Bone and Mineral Society (ANZBMS)(Queensland, Australia).
学会発表 Nobuyuki Kawai Why does snakes draw our attention more strongly than other animals?( (2018/10/7)) An international symposium "Evolution of Brain, Cognition, and Emotion"( Tokyo, Japan).
Connecting the dots: linking host behavior to parasite transmission and infection risk
Connecting the dots: linking host behavior to parasite transmission and infection risk
Julie Duboscq
Investigating infectious disease dynamics is important for managing health of livestock, wildlife, and humans, as well as species/habitat conservation, public health and economic issues. For this project, we studied simian foamy virus (SFV) and Escherichia coli infection patterns in Japanese (and Rhesus) macaques to understand: 1/ factors determining intensity, prevalence and diversity of pathogens in relation to individual and social network characteristics, and 2/ infection risk and transmission pathways of pathogens within social networks. We focused on socially-transmissible parasites that are endemic and relatively host-specific. They are of low virulence but nevertheless monopolize host resources and are not without fitness consequences. These organisms further provide a good model to examine transmission dynamics. Initially, we planned to conduct the study at Koshima, but data collection proved too complicated for a one-year project. During a short visit, we collected a few fecal samples and have stored them at the Primate Research Institute for reference. Instead, we switched our focus to captive macaques at KUPRI where I collected behavioural and biological samples on two social groups. We are now establishing SFV and E. coli genetic profiles for each host, and matching them to individual (age, sex) and social (centrality in aggression and grooming networks) characteristics to determine transmission pathways. Preliminary data show that 56/58 adults (>4yo), 30/34 juveniles (1-4yo) and 7/22 infants (<1yo), as well as 63/75 females and 30/39 males tested positive for SFV. Preliminary data on 15 Rhesus and 16 Japanese macaques showed that dyads that groomed more and that were of similar age shared more similar virus strains than others, whereas aggression frequency, kinship, or dominance rank did not seem to affect strain similarity. These effects may be linked to 1/ a higher risk of transmission between individuals in frequent active body contact and 2/ natural viral strain evolution, some strains existing predominantly in some years but not in others. This research can inform animal population management and welfare as well as give insight into evolutionary pressures on sociality and parasitism in animal groups.
H28-D4 代:石野 史敏 協:金児?石野 知子 協:李 知英 協:入江 将仁
レトロエレメント由来の獲得遺伝子の霊長類における分布解析
論文 Masahito Irie, Akihiko Koga, Tomoko Kaneko-Ishino and Fumitoshi Ishino (2016) An LTR Retrotransposon-Derived Gene Displays Lineage-Specific Structural and Putative Species-Specific Functional Variations in Eutherians Frontiers in Chemistry 4:Article 26.
Masahito Irie, Akihiko Koga, Tomoko Kaneko-Ishino and Fumitoshi Ishino (2016) An LTR Retrotransposon-Derived Gene Displays Lineage-Specific Structural and Putative Species-Specific Functional Variations in Eutherians Frontiers in Chemistry 4:Article 26.
学会発表 Tomoko Kaneko-Ishino, Masahito Irie, Akihiko Koga and Fumitoshi Ishino An LTR retrotransposon derived SIRH11/ZCCHC16 gene involved in cognitive function displays lineage-specific structural and putative species-specific functional variations in eutherians.(September 20-23, 2016 ) The 20th Evolutionary Biology Meeting at Marseilles(CRDP, Marseilles, France).
Tomoko Kaneko-Ishino, Masahito Irie, Akihiko Koga and Fumitoshi Ishino An LTR retrotransposon derived SIRH11/ZCCHC16 gene involved in cognitive function displays lineage-specific structural and putative species-specific functional variations in eutherians.(September 20-23, 2016 ) The 20th Evolutionary Biology Meeting at Marseilles(CRDP, Marseilles, France).
レトロエレメント由来の獲得遺伝子の霊長類における分布解析
石野 史敏 , 金児?石野 知子, 李 知英, 入江 将仁
ヒトゲノムにはレトロエレメント由来の獲得遺伝子群である11個のSIRH遺伝子が含まれる。これらの多くは真獣類特異的遺伝子であり、近年の研究から、ヒトやマウスを含む真獣類の個体発生機構の様々な特徴(胎生や高度の脳機能など)に深く関係する機能を持つことが明らかになってきた。そのため、真獣類の進化を促した遺伝子群である可能性が高いと考えている。脳で発現し行動に関係するSIRH11/ZCCHC16は、南米に生息する異節類において偽遺伝子化しているが(Irie et al. PLoS Genet 2015)、本年度の共同研究においては、異節類に加え、北方獣類でも系統特異的に大きな変異や欠失があることを明らかできた。その中で、霊長類では南米の新世界ザルではN末領域の大きな欠失、テナガザルの系統ではC末のRNA結合モチーフの欠失や遺伝子全体の欠質があることを明らかにした。Sirh11/Zcchc16は脳におけるノルアドレナリン量の調節を介して認知機能に関係していることから、霊長類の行動進化にも直接関係する可能性が高いと考えている(Irie et al. Front Chem 2016)。
フランジ成長期の雄オランウータンのテストステロン、成長ホルモン、黄体形成ホルモン、およびジヒドロテストシテロン濃度はアンフランジ雄よりも高いことが知られている(Maggioncalda AN et al., 2000)。しかしフランジの成長過程におけるこれらホルモンの濃度動態は調べられていない。 そこで本研究では、フランジ成長期にあった1個体の雄の尿について、テストステロンおよびコルチゾール濃度を測定し、フランジ成長との関連性を調べた。その結果、特にテストステロンについて、フランジが成長するにつれて濃度上昇が認められた。また、アンフランジおよびフランジ雄の成長ホルモン濃度の測定を追加し、フランジ成長との関連性を検証した。成長ホルモン濃度測定には、ヒト用の市販測定キットを使用した。その結果、すでにフランジ雄であった個体では低濃度しか検出されず、測定キットの検出限界値以下を推移していた(<2.5 ng/ml)。一方、フランジ成長期にあった個体では、フランジ成長が認められてから約1年後以降から高濃度の値を連日で検出した(115.7-399.0 ng/ml)。ただし、それ以外の期間では、ほとんどの日でフランジ雄と同様に検出限界値以下の低値を示していた(<2.5 ng/ml)。本研究成果により、フランジ成長過程において、フランジ成長がある程度進んだ雄において、成長ホルモンの分泌が認められることが判明した。
H28-D9 代:荒川 高光 協:幅 大二郎
下肢骨格筋の形態と支配神経パターンの解析
論文 Watanabe Y, Arakawa T, Kageyama I, Aizawa Y, Kumaki K, Miki A, Terashima T.(2016) Gross anatomical study on the human myocardial bridges with special reference to the spatial relationship among coronary arteries, cardiac veins, and autonomic nerves. Clin Anat. 29(3):333-41..
Watanabe Y, Terashima T, Arakawa T.(2016) A rare arterial branch distributing the thymus, ectopic intrathymic parathyroid and thyroid glands which passed ventral to the right common carotid artery: a case report Surg Radiol Anat in press.
Haba D, MinamiC, Miyagawa M, Arakawa T, Miki A.(2016) Morphological study on the pressure ulcer-like dermal lesions formed in the rat heel skin after transection of the sciatic nerves Acta Histochem in press.
Emura K, Arakawa T, Terashima T.(2016) Anatomical study of the brachial plexus in the common marmoset (Callthrix jacchus) Anat Rec in press.
Arakawa T Functional and clinical relevance of the plantar intrinsic muscles of the foot(2016/8/5) The 3rd Congress of the Asian Association of Clinical Anatomists(Jinan, China).
H28-D10 代:Julia Arenson 協:Stephen Frost 協:Frances White
Bergmann’s rule and clinal variation in skull size and shape of wild vs. captive fascicularis-group macaques
Bergmann’s rule and clinal variation in skull size and shape of wild vs. captive fascicularis-group macaques
Julia Arenson , Stephen Frost, Frances White
The aim of this study was to explore geographic variation in skull shape and size in fascicularis-group macaques. I collected 45 3D landmark coordinates over the cranium and used multivariate statistics to explore the relationship between geographic and anatomical landmarks. In addition, I landmarked two populations of translocated captive macaques, in Puerto Rico and Beaverton, OR and compared them to the wild cline. Both cranial size and shape are correlated with latitude in the wild populations. The translocated captive macaques were larger than expected, but were similar in shape to the wild population of origin, suggesting the cline in shape is evolutionary while the size cline may be more plastic. I came to the Kyoto PRI to collect additional samples of Macaca fuscata, to increase my sample size and confirm the preliminary results of my project.
論文 Chikahiro Mori, Shuichi Matsumura(2021) Development and validation of simultaneous identification of 26 mammalian and poultry species by a multiplex assay International Journal of Legal Medicine. 謝辞ありPublished online: 09 October 2021DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00414-021-02711-y
The relationship between gut size and torso anatomy
The relationship between gut size and torso anatomy
Jeanelle Uy
Humans have barrel-shaped ribcages and narrow pelves compared to great apes, features which may have first appeared in early hominins. The purpose of this project is to determine if gut size is related to torso morphology. It has been a longstanding assumption that the ribcage and pelvis can predict gut size in fossil species. However, no data has been published showing that gut volume can be reliably estimated from skeletal anatomy. This study will test if dimensions of the ribcage and ilium predict gut size in hominoids. Existing whole abdomen scans from humans were obtained from my institution (UW-Madison) and existing scans of Pan were requested from KUPRI. If gut size is related to the skeleton, this may allow the first prediction of gut size in extinct hominins supported by data. Last year, the feasibility of the project was determined by measuring gut volume, lower ribcage depth, lower ribcage breadth, and bi-iliac breadth on the CT scan of a chimpanzee provided by Dr. Miyabe-Nishiwaki and on the human scans before proceeding to larger sample sizes. Gut volume was calculated by measuring the surface area of the gut in each image slice, multiplied by the thickness of the slice, giving organ volume for that slice. The sum of each slice volume will be obtained to calculate the total gut volume. The method is feasible on the CT scan sent of the chimpanzee and on the CT scans of humans obtained through UWMadison. Once more scans are measured as we continue the project, the null hypothesis that ribcage and pelvic dimensions are unrelated to gut volume beyond their mutual relationship with body mass can be tested.
Sequencing of huntingtin orthologs in several primate species
Sequencing of huntingtin orthologs in several primate species
Elena Cattaneo , Giulio Paolo Formenti
Within the framework of the project “Intermediate allele identification in non-human primates through Htt Exon1 sequencing”I have spent three weeks at Primate Research Institute with the general goal of sequencing Htt orthologs (rHtt – real Htt) and paralogs (pHtt) in up to 107 samples belonging to different individuals from 34 non-human primate species. These samples were available through PRI and their collaborators (essentially Japanese Monkey Center – JMC). We are after the identification, if present, of a primate species with Htt genetic features similar to humans (i. e. high number of CAG repeats). Incidentally, the presence of an Htt pseudogene (pHtt) in the family of Callithricidae could also be investigated.
When at PRI, I immediately met the PRI collaborator from the Japanese Monkey Center at their annual meeting to establish a cooperative research effort that would have allowed samples retrieval. During the same meeting I have also presented in public our experimental plan.
After PRI 50th anniversary I have installed in the laboratory, verified the presence of all consumables that were previously ordered and started a series of preliminary experiments with the DNA already available.
While the preliminary experiments were on-going (PCR amplification, cloning, plasmid extraction and sequencing) I received a first batch of 12 from PRI tissues by Dr. Nagume Tani for DNA extraction, from which DNA was extracted and the samples were also processed. That week I have also presented our experimental plan to the weekly meeting of the Molecular Biology Section.
Finally, we could meet with Dr. Takashi Hayakawa from JMC to decide which samples to process from their tissue bank. We firstly decided to focus on New World Monkeys (100 samples): some of them harbour both rHtt and pHtt and represent a group of usually small primates, potentially suitable for disease modelling .
While I kept processing the first 12 samples from PRI I have prepared the first 21 tissue samples from JMC for DNA extraction. However I have noticed that when amplifying the Callithricidae samples, where both rHtt and pHtt is present, we get preferential amplification of pHtt over rHtt. So I designed a new strategy to selectively amplify the rHtt in those species. Despite this, amplification of rHtt in three new species (S. sciureus, A. trivirgatus, A. belzebuth) was achieved. Results from sequencing of the samples from first 12 samples from PRI suffers the same issue reported above (i. e. preferential amplification of pHtt over rHtt) and moreover in JMC samples pHtt is present where it should not suggesting that there could have been some DNA contamination in the sample. This is possible since Dr. Hayakawa had reported that several of these samples were very old.
I have cloned and sent plasmid for sequencing from tissue samples of JMC, and started to apply the new strategy for assessing only rHtt.
Unexpected events related to personal matters forced me to return back to Italy ahead of time. At that point, results of sequencing for JMC samples were not conclusive. They suggested that some contamination is likely to be present but that it is also possible to sequence rHtt/pHtt from them. I was also unable to obtain results for the new strategy for assessing only rHtt in time. However I have applied it successfully once back in Italy, implying that it can be used also on the japanese samples.