論文 Kobayashi, K., Kato, S., Inoue, K., Takada, M., and Kobayashi, K.(2016) Altering entry site preference of lentiviral vectors into neuronal cells by pseudotyping with envelope glycoproteins. Methods Mol. Biol. 1382:175-186.
MtDNA phylogeograpy of slow lorises in Vietnam: conservation and reintroduction program
学会発表 Tanaka H, Luong V H Development of a mitochondrial marker for conservation genetics in the slow loris(17 October 2016) Generalization Meeting of Planned Research Program 2014-2016 "Evolution and Conservation of Asian Primates", Pre-symposium meeting for generalization meeting of cooperative Research Program of Primates Research Institute, Kyoto University( Sir Jayewardenepra University).
MtDNA phylogeograpy of slow lorises in Vietnam: conservation and reintroduction program
Hao Luong Van
The slow loris, including two species (Nycticebs bengalensis and N. pygmaeus) of Vietnam, is the vulnerable species in the IUCN Red List. In Vietnam, they are being overhunted for illegal pet trade, use for meat and materials of illegal traditional medicine. Center for Rescue and Conservative Organisms (CRCO) protects diverse organisms from the illegal trade, including the slow loris, and carry out the reintroduction of them to the wild. Although it is to be desired that such animals would be reintroduced into their original habitat, we don’t have the method to get information about it. In order to establish a system that can make clear the original habitat of the protected animals using DNA information, in this study we analyze the mtDNA sequence of the slow loris from known origin of habitat. I examined 9 N. bengalensis and 5 N. pygmaeus, which included individuals without information of origin. DNA was extracted from hair samples. Firstly, I sequenced the cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COX1) gene of mtDNA and carried out the phylogenetic analysis together with dataset of Somura et al. (2012) to genetically check the species for my morphologically identified specimens. Next, I determined the 1.8 kb region including the whole length of cytochrome b gene and a partial sequence of D-loop, as a marker for analysis of original habitat of the slow loris. To avoid mis-amplifying mitochondria-like sequences integrated in the nuclear genome, I performed the 2 step PCR, consisting of the long accurate (LA-) PCR that amplify the region spanning 9 kb of mtDNA and the second PCR using the LA-PCR product as template to amplify the target region, and then, carried out DNA sequencing. I could sequence the 1.8 kb region for all the samples examined. In N. bengalensis, 6-8 base substitutions were detected among 7 individuals from the northwestern region of Vietnam and 4 substitutions were found between 2 individuals from Soc Son Rescue Center, Hanoi (their origins were not known). There were 24-28 substitutions between the sample groups of the northwestern region and Soc Son Rescue Center. These results show that the 1.8 kb region is possible to be a good marker to analyze the origin of locality of N. bengalensis. Further study is necessary to accumulate the sequence data from the samples collected widely from their range in Indochina. As to N. pygmaeus, more samples should be examined. On the other hand, the utility of COX1 as a marker of species identification would be suspected because the COX1 phylogenetic tree did not clearly separate N. caucong from our N. bengalensis samples.
H27-A5 代:Aye San
Phylogenetic and population genetic studies for conservation of nonhuman primates in Myanmar
Phylogenetic and population genetic studies for conservation of nonhuman primates in Myanmar
Aye San
The purpose of the study is to extract phylogeographical information necessary for conservation of Myanmar’s nonhuman primates (NHP) by clarifying the phylogenetic relationship among the local populations and the phylogenetic status of Myanmar’s NHP within the range of each species. In 2015, the 2nd year of the planned research “International Cooperative Research on Evolution and Conservation of Asian Primates”, I examined new 4 populations of Myanmar’s endemic subspecies of the long-tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis aurea; Mfa), and extended the phylogeographical research to other macaques. The present study is the first report of DNA analysis for inland populations of Mfa although the island populations of Mfa from southern Myanmar have already been examined (Bunlungsup et al. 2015). Firstly, I sequenced approx. 1200 bp of the whole length of mitochondrial D-loop region for all the individuals from 4 populations of Indian Single Rock Mountain (n=6), Bayin Nyi Cave (n=6), Mt. Zwekabin (n=1), and Kha Yon Cave (n=5). There was no mtDNA variation within each population while mtDNA sequences differed among 4 populations. As Bunlungsup et al. (2015) analyzed the partial sequence of cytochrome b (Cyt b) gene, I sequenced approx. 1.8 kb region that includes the whole length of Cyt b gene and hyper variable segment 1 of D-loop for further comparison. Similarly, I sequenced the 1.8 kb region for 3 individuals of M. leonina and one M. arctoides from Ye, Mon State and carried out phylogenetic analysis. The 3 sequence data of leonina obtained here was analyzed with another 7 data of leonina from different area in Myanmar. The result indicated that Myanmar’s M. leonina separated into at least 3 haplogroups; the first one formed a cluster with the Bangladesh sample, the second was related to the Thai South haplogroup, and the third was included in the cluster of Thai North and M. silenus. As to M. arctoides, more samples should be collected and examined in order to elucidate the phylogeography of the species in Myanmar.
H27-A7 代:星 英司 協:石田 裕昭
行動制御に関わる高次脳機能の解明に向けた神経ネットワークの解析
論文 Ishida H, Inoue K, Takada M, Hoshi E( 2016) Origins of multisynaptic projections from the basal ganglia to the forelimb region of the ventral premotor cortex in macaque monkeys Eur J Neurosci 43( 2): 258-69.
学会発表 Ishida H, Inoue K-I, Takada M, Hoshi E Origins of multisynaptic projections from the basal ganglia to the ventral premotor cortex in macaque monkeys( 2015/7/30) 日本神経科学学会( 神戸コンベンションセンター).
論文 Eldridge MAG, Lerchner W, Saunders RC, Kaneko H, Krausz KW, Gonzalez FJ, Ji B, Higuchi M, Minamimoto T, Richmond BJ.(2016) Disruption of relative reward value by reversible disconnection of orbitofrontal and rhinal cortex using DREADDs in rhesus monkeys. Nat Neurosci. 9(1):37-39.
学会発表 Minamimoto T PETイメージングと化学遺伝学的手法の融合によるサル脳科学研究の展開( 2016.3.11) 平成27年度 京都大学霊長類研究所共同利用研究会「霊長類脳科学の新しい展開とゲノム科学との融合」(京都大学霊長類研究所).
Minamimoto T. 脳につくった「鍵穴」をみる(2015.12.11) ナショナルバイオリソースプロジェクト「ニホンザル」第12回公開シンポジウム「第4期に向かうニホンザルバイオリソース~成果と展望~」(東京).
Minamimoto T. PET imaging of DREADDs in monkeys(2015.10.4-7) What is needed to harness chemogenetics for the treatment of human brain disorders?(The Banbury Center, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory).
学会発表 Suzuki M, Inoue K, Nakagawa H, Takada M, Isa T and Nishimura Y Deep brain stimulation of the mesolimbic system induces cortical responses in limbic and sensorimotor areas in monkeys(2015年10月17-21日) Annual meeting of society for neuroscience 2015(Chicago).
学会発表 Imura, T., Kawakami, F., Shirai, N., Tomonaga, M. (2015). Visual processing of average size in chimpanzees.(2015年8月26日) 38th European Conference on Visual Perception(Liverpool, U.K.).
論文 Okada N, Fukunaga M, Yamashita F, Koshiyama D, Yamamori H, Ohi K, Yasuda Y, Fujimoto M, Watanabe Y, Yahata N, Nemoto K, Hibar D, van Erp T, Fujino H, Isobe M, Isomura S, Natsubori T, Narita H, Hashimoto N, Miyata J, Koike S, Takahashi T, Yamasue H, Matsuo K, Onitsuka T, Iidaka T, Kawasaki Y, Yoshimura R, Watanabe Y, Suzuki M, Turner J, Takeda M, Thompson P, Ozaki N, Kasai K, Hashimoto R, COCORO. (2015) Abnormal asymmetries in subcortical brain volume in schizophrenia Mol Psychiatry (e-pub ahead of print).
Hashimoto R, Nakazawa T, Tsurusaki Y, Yasuda Y, Nagayasu K, Matsumura K, Kawashima H, Yamamori H, Fujimoto M, Ohi K, Umeda-Yano S, Fukunaga M, Fujino H, Kasai A, Hayata-Takano A, Shintani N, Takeda M, Matsumoto N, Hashimoto H.(2016) Whole-exome sequencing and neurite outgrowth analysis in autism spectrum disorder Journal of Human Genetics 61(3):199-206.
Nakazawa T, Hashimoto R, Sakoori K, Sugaya Y, Tanimura A, Hashimotodani Y, Ohi K, Yamamori H, Yasuda Y, Umeda-Yano S, Kiyama Y, Konno K, Inoue T, Yokoyama K, Inoue T, Numata S, Ohnuma T, Iwata N, Ozaki N, Hashimoto H, Watanabe M, Manabe T, Yamamoto T, Takeda M, Kano M. (2016) Emerging Roles of ARHGAP33 in Intracellular Trafficking of TrkB and Pathophysiology of Neuropsychiatric Disorders Nat Commun 7:10594.
Yamamori H, Ishima T, Yasuda Y, Fujimoto M, Kudo N, Ohi K, Hashimoto K, Takeda M, Hashimoto R. (2015) Assessment of a multi-assay biological diagnostic test for mood disorders in a Japanesepopulation. Neurosci Lett 612(167-171).
Ohi K, Hashimoto R, Ikeda M, Yamamori H, Yasuda Y, Fujimoto M, Umeda-Yano S, Fukunaga M, Fujino H, Watanabe Y, Iwase M, Kazui H, Iwata N, Weinberger DR, Takeda M. (2015) Glutamate Networks Implicate Cognitive Impairments in Schizophrenia: Genome-Wide Association Studies of 52 Cognitive Phenotypes. Schizophr Bull 41(4):909-18.
Ecological and phylogeographical study on Assamese macaques in Bhutan
Ecological and phylogeographical study on Assamese macaques in Bhutan
Tshewang Norbu
I have collaborated with Japanese primatologists, including the counterpart of this cooperative research program, in a government program for mitigation of agricultural damages and initiated a basic biological study on human-monkey conflicts in Bhutan. The aim of this cooperative research program was to learn the field and laboratory techniques that are commonly used in ecological and phylogeographical studies of the Japanese macaque in order to apply them for the basic research on the Assamese macaques (Macaca assamensis) in Bhutan. I visited a few spots of monkey habitats in Japan to learn the electric fencing system for the damage control. Methods of phylogeny assessment and genetic monitoring of populations were introduced by the counterpart then we discussed the plan for future population study of the Assamese macaque in Bhutan. I examined fecal samples to confirm the protocols of DNA extraction and PCR amplifications for sexing and mtDNA sequencing. The techniques and methods in fecal DNA analysis were transferred to Bhutan where animal genetics laboratory was recently established in a government institution. The taxonomy and evolutionary status of the Assamese macaque in Bhutan is controversial due to recent revision by discoveries of related new species in the neighboring countries of India (Arunachal Pradesh) and China (Tibet). I will continue field observation and sampling to apply the obtained knowledge to conduct ecological and phylogeographical study in Bhutan.
論文 2. Kawai T, Yamada H, Sato N, Takada M, Matsumoto M(2015) Roles of the lateral habenula and anterior cingulate cortex in negative outcome monitoring and behavioral adjustment in nonhuman primates. Neuron 88(4):792-804. 謝辞謝辞あり
論文 Tsutaya T, Fujimori Y, Hayashi M, Yoneda M, Miyabe-Nishiwaki T(2017) Carbon and nitrogen stable isotopic offsets between diet and hair/feces in captive chimpanzees Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 31(1):59-67. 謝辞あり
Decoding Global Networks in Tourettism using PET and Electrophysiological methodologies
Decoding Global Networks in Tourettism using PET and Electrophysiological methodologies
Kevin William McCairn , Masaki Isoda
Objectives Tourette syndrome (TS) is a childhood onset neurological disorder which manifests motor and vocal tics. Using a nonhuman primate model (NHP) of TS, the aim of this study was two-fold: (1) to quantify the behavioral effects of limbic (vocal tic) relative to sensorimotor (myoclonic tic) network striatal disinhibition; (2) to determine how differences in cortico-basal ganglia-thalamic (CBTC) and cerebella (Cb) activity, as assessed through PET imaging, single unit and LFP recording differentiate abnormal behavioral profiles. Primary scientific findings In order to disrupt physiological activity in the limbic and sensorimotor networks, we injected a small amount of the GABA antagonist bicuculline into the nucleus accumbens (NAc) (limbic) or the putamen (sensorimotor) in two monkeys, adding to a database of three other animals. Our injection protocol for the NAc successfully evoked repetitive vocalizations in all animals. The sound of their frequency spectrum is best described as a ‘grunt’. The site that caused vocal tics was consistently localized in the NAc across all the monkeys, i.e., approximately 4 mm rostral to the anterior commissure. To elicit motor tics, the bicuculline injections had to be placed in the dorsolateral sensorimotor putamen, caudal to the anterior commissure. In such cases where repetitive tics occurred in the orofacial region and/or the arm region, no vocal tics were ever observed. The localization of vocal tics to the NAc supports the premise that vocal tics emerge as a consequence of limbic network dysrhythmia.
Fig. 1. PET imaging reveals contrasting involvement of cortico-subcortical structures between vocal and motor tics. Structural MRIs (top), increased rCBF following NAc injection contrasted with putaminal injection (Vocal > Motor, middle), and increased rCBF following putaminal injection contrasted with NAc injection (Motor > Vocal, bottom). Each coronal section was obtained at the rostrocaudal level indicated by a corresponding blue line below.
H27-A22 代:森本 直記
マカクザルにおける出産様式に関する形態学的研究
論文 Kawada M, Nakatsukasa M, Nishimura T, Kaneko A, and Morimoto N(2020) Covariation of fetal skull and maternal pelvis during the perinatal period in rhesus macaques and evolution of childbirth in primates. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117(35):21251-21257. 謝辞あり
2) Molecular classification of the grey langur and purple-faced langur in Sri Lanka
2) Molecular classification of the grey langur and purple-faced langur in Sri Lanka
Charmalie AD Nahallage
The evolution of langurs and macaques in southern Asia is a topic of growing interest, and Sri Lanka is an important but understudied piece of this puzzle. Sri Lanka, situated southeast of India with a geological history of being connected to the sub-continent several times, is classified as one of the world biodiversity hot spots in terms of species, genetic, ecosystem, and geographical diversity. The three sub-species of the endemic toque macaque (TM), the four sub-species of the endemic purple-faced langur (PFL), and the Hanuman or grey langur (GL), a species found across the Indian subcontinent, are distributed across the diverse mosaic of climatic and ecological zones of Sri Lanka. We previously reported a disparity between the phenotypic and mtDNA diversity of toque macaques,whereby all three purported subspecies came under two major mtDNA haplogroups, segregated roughly into two different major elevation zones; mountainous and coastal regions. In this study we present preliminary results on the phylogeography of GL samples. Eighty-two Sri Lankan GL samples (64 feces, 20 blood) originating from 22 different populations across the species’ distribution were analyzed. DNA was extracted and the successfully amplified PCR product was sequenced for cytb and D-loop. GL clustered mainly into one large cluster, with 4 minor clusters. Further analysis and sample collection will be necessary before coming to firm conclusions, but PFL clustered with GL into the same haplotype in one small cluster where they live sympatrically, suggesting local hybridization.
H27-A27 代:浅原 正和
ニホンザル大臼歯形態における地理的変異とその適応的要因の解明
論文 Masakazu Asahara and Yuichiro Nishioka(2017) Geographic Variation of Absolute and Relative Lower Molar Sizes in the Japanese Macaque (Macaca fuscata: Primates, Mammalia) Zoological Science 34(1):35-41. 謝辞This study was financially supported in-part by the Cooperative Research Program of Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University (2015-A-27)
学会発表 Tsuyoshi Sugino, Yoshitaka Nakajima, Yuko Yamashita, and Chihiro Hiramatsu A Cross-Species Analysis of Primate Vocalization(December 12th, 2015 ) The 2nd Annual Meeting of the Society for Bioacoustics(Kyushu University ).
Kimiko Shimizu SCOP mediated circadian regulation of recognition memory(2015.10.14-21) Society for Neuroscience annual meeting(Chicago).
Kimiko SHimizu,Erika Nakatsuji, Yodai Kobayashi, Yoshitaka Fukada Circadian regulation of recognition memory is mediated by SCOP in mouse hippocampus(2015.7.28-31) 神経科学会(神戸).
This study was aimed to verify markers that can be applied to the genotyping of microsatellite DNA in the fecal samples collected from a Taiwanese macaque population located in southern Taiwan. A total of 16 microsatellite markers that have been tested on the Taiwanese macaque population in Oshima were chosen for the study. Among the 16 markers, 10 markers resulted in detectable polymorphism on the loci. The fecal samples used in the microsatellite genotyping were first screened by the C-myc test for the DNA quality. The HVR I of mtDNA was also sequenced and the result showed that the haplotype (740 bp) of two neighboring groups were different from each other by 31 bp of substitutions in this provisioned region. The 10 microsatellite markers will be applied to the paternity analysis in the Taiwanese macaque to investigate their reproductive strategies. This non-invasive method to study genetic structures also contributes to the conservation of the Taiwanese macaques in Taiwan by revealing the human impact on translocating macaque groups in the past.
Study on phylogeography of macaques and langurs in Nepal
Study on phylogeography of macaques and langurs in Nepal
Mukesh Chalise
The trade of DNA samples becomes difficult due to recent ratification and enforcement of international regulation Nagoya Protocol. This trend changed our collaboration in cooperative study on evolution and conservation of non-human primates in Nepal. In this fiscal year program, we start to establish a laboratory in Kathmandu where we can prepare DNA samples from fecal specimens and can perform DNA amplification by standard PCR procedure in order to continue phylogeographical study on macaques and laugurs in Nepal. We open the laboratory in December 2015 and conducted a feasibility study of mtDNA typing for non-human primates for the first time in the country. Firstly, we extracted DNA samples from fecal specimens preserved in lysis buffer based on the protocol developed in the last year program. Both Assamese macaques and grey langurs were examined for partial sequencing of control region, 16S ribosomal RNA and cytochrome b in the mitochondrial DNA genome. Of 26 specimens, consisting of 20 macaques and 6 langurs from 8 localities, 19 were successfully amplified by PCR. We also got good results in sexing with amelogenin primers for 19 samples. Obtained PCR products were sequenced in Japan to confirm the applicability of newly obtained PCR products for sequencing analysis. Our preliminary examination of cytochrome b fragments yielded fine results for four out of six samples of grey langurs. Obtained Nepalese sequences were compared with deposited DNA sequences in database. Nepalese samples formed a single cluster with high bootstrap value and a reported haplotype (N2) from Ramnagar (Karanth et al. 2010) was placed aside of the Nepalese cluster.
H27-B1 代:Cynthia Thompson 協:Chris Vinyard 協:Susan Williams 協:Sylvain Perez
Developing a model of cold- and heat-stressed primate thermoregulation from Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata)
Developing a model of cold- and heat-stressed primate thermoregulation from Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata)
Cynthia Thompson , Chris Vinyard , Susan Williams , Sylvain Perez
This project aims to assess how Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) utilize behavioral and physiological mechanisms during seasonal thermoregulation. During 2015, we conducted our second research season (summer; winter data collection occurred in 2014) at the Kyoto University Primate Research Institute from July 11-31. During this time we successfully collected data on thermoregulatory variables for five adult animals (n=2 males, n=3 females). We gathered a total of 1,048 observation hours. These behavioral data are currently being used to calculate the effects of temperature, solar radiation, humidity, and wind speed on the time spent moving, body position, and choice of sunny vs. shaded location. During this past data collection season we also collected 94 fecal samples. These were lyophilized, extracted, and assayed via ELISA to determine levels of the thermoregulatory thyroid hormone fT3. We found significantly lower levels of fT3 in the summer compared to the winter (ANCOVA: F= 41.5, p<0.001), with summer samples having fT3 levels, on average, 2.87pg/ml lower than winter samples. Additionally, season explained 45.9% of the variance in fT3 levels; for comparison sex explained only 2.2% of the variation in fT3. These results suggest that Japanese macaques significantly boost thyroid hormone levels during the winter, likely to increase basal metabolic rate and generate heat. Since fT3 levels are linked to energy expenditure, lower fT3 levels in the summer likely reflect a strategy to lower not only heat generation, but also to conserve energy. Our results indicate that these animals utilize thyroid hormones, a relatively expensive and longer-term physiological pathway, as a mechanism of seasonal thermoregulation.
明らかな適応的意義の見当たらない音楽は、何故どのように進化したのだろうか。本研究は、従来の行動指標の代わりに事象関連電位(ERP)や誘発電位(EP)を用いて、音楽の系統発生を探る試みである。昨年度までの研究で、マカクザルを対象に、無麻酔かつ無侵襲で頭皮上からERP/EPを記録するための方法論を確立した(Itoh et al., Hearing Research, 2015)。これにより、頭皮上の最大19チャンネルから、純音刺激に対する聴覚EPの後期成分を記録し、mP1, mN1, mP2, mN2, mSPの各成分を世界で初めて同定・命名することに成功した。本年度は、これらのEP成分が、純音刺激提示の時間特性(刺激持続時間、刺激間無音間隔)にどのように影響を受けるか検討したところ、とくにmN1以降の成分について、ヒトとアカゲザルで顕著な種差があることが分かった。ヒトで聴覚処理の時間窓が延長していると解釈が出来る結果であり、成果をまとめている(Itoh et al., in preparation)。また並行して、マーモセットを対象とした、無麻酔かつ無侵襲の頭皮上脳波記録につき、方法論の検討を行った。
H27-B4 代:河村 正二 協:松下 裕香
新世界ザル苦味受容体TAS2Rに対するリガンド感受性多様性の検証
論文 Kawamura, S. and Melin, A. D.(2016) Evolution of genes for color vision and the chemical senses in primates In: Evolution of the Human Genome Volume I: The Genome and Genes (Saitou, N. ed.), In Press, Springer, Tokyo.
学会発表 河村正二 多様性豊かな新世界ザルのケミカルセンサーと採食果実のケミカルシグナルから探る霊長類の感覚生態の進化(2015年11月13-15日) 第3回ケモビ研究会(Chemosensation and Behavior Workshop 2015)(KKR 箱根 宮ノ下、箱根・木賀温泉).
学会発表 Cho Azuma, Takao Oishi, Yoshiyuki Tohno, Setsuko Tohno, Takeshi Minami Age-related changed of elements in the thyroid cartilage of monkey.(2015年3月21日~23日) 第120回日本解剖学会総会・全国学術集会(神戸).
論文 Smith, T.M., Cook, L., Dirks, W., Green, D., Austin, C.(2021) Teeth reveal juvenile diet, health, and neurotoxicant exposure retrospectively: What biological rhythms and chemical records tell us BioEssays 43(9):2000298. 謝辞あり
Smith, T. M., Austin, C., Ávila, J. N., Dirks, W., Green, D. R., Williams, I. S., & Arora, M.(2022) Permanent signatures of birth and nursing initiation are chemically recorded in teeth. Journal of Archaeological Science 140:105564. 謝辞あり
論文 Kunimatsu, Y., Nakatsukasa, M., Sawada, Y., Sakai, T., Saneyoshi, M., Nakaya, H., Yamamoto, A., and Mbua, E.(2016) A second hominoid species in the early Late Miocene fauna of Nakali (Kenya). Anthropological Science 124(2):75-83. 謝辞あり
Morita, W., Morimoto, N., Kunimatsu, Y., Mazurier, A., Zanolli, C., Nakatsukasa, M.(2017) A morphometric mapping analysis of lower fourth deciduous premolar in hominoids: Implications for phylogenetic relationship between Nakalipithecus and Ouranopithecus Comptes Rendus Palevol 16:655-669.
Mbua, E., Kusaka, S., Kunimatsu, Y., Geraads, D., Sawada, Y., Brown, F. H., Sakai, T., Boisserie, J.-R., Saneyoshi, M., Omuombo, C., Muteti, S., Hirata, T., Hayashida, A., Iwano, H., Danhara, T., Bobe, R., Jicha, B. & Nakatsukasa, M.(2016) Kantis: A new Australopithecus site on the shoulders of the Rift Valley near Nairobi, Kenya Journal of Human Evolution 94:28-44.
Suwa, G., Kunimatsu, Y., Ataabadi, M. M., Orak, Z., Sasaki, T., & Fortelius, M. (2016) The first hominoid from the Maragheh Formation, Iran Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments 96:373-381.
Mirzaie Ataabadi, M., Kaakinen, A., Kunimatsu, Y., Nakaya, H., Orak, Z., Paknia, M., Sakai, T., Salminen, J., Sawada, Y., Sen, S., Suwa, G., Watabe, M., Zaree, G., Zhang, Z., Fortelius, M. (2016) The Late Miocene hominoid-bearing site in the Maragheh Formation, Northwest Iran Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments 96:349-371.
論文 Ushida K, Tsuchida S, Ogura Y, Hayashi T, Sawada A, Hanya G(2016) Draft genome sequences of Sarcina ventriculi isolated from wild Japanese macaques in Yakushima island Genome Announcements 4:e01694-15. 謝辞あり
論文 Tsutsumi M, Arakawa T, Terashima T, Miki A(2015) Intramuscular nerve distribution pattern in the human tibialis posterior muscle Anat Sci Int 90( 2): 104-112.
論文 Sugata K, Yasunaga JI, Miura M, Akari H, Utsunomiya A, Nosaka K, Watanabe Y, Suzushima H, Koh K, Nakagawa M, Kohara M, and Matsuoka M.(2016) Enhancement of anti-STLV-1/HTLV-1 immune responses through multimodal effects of anti-CCR4 antibody. Scientific Reports Scientific Reports 未定(in press). 謝辞あり
ニホンザルにおけるサルT細胞白血病ウイルスの動態の解析・免疫治療
松岡 雅雄 , 安永 純一朗, 菅田 謙治, 馬 広勇
ヒトT細胞白血病ウイルス1型(HTLV-1)は成人T細胞白血病(ATL)、炎症性疾患の原因ウイルスである。サルT細胞白血病ウイルス1型(STLV-1)はHTLV-1に近縁のレトロウイルスであり、同様の病原性、複製機構を持っているため、HTLV-1の新規治療法開発に有用な動物モデルである。CCR4はHTLV-1感染細胞、STLV-1感染細胞に高発現するケモカインレセプターであり、抗CCR4抗体モガムリズマブはSTLV-1感染ニホンザルのプロウイルス量を減少させる。CCR4は制御性Tリンパ球にも発現し、モガムリズマブの免疫賦活効果も注目されている。本研究は、モガムリズマブとSTLV-1 bZIP factor (SBZ)及び Taxワクチンの併用による、より効果的な抗STLV-1 (HTLV-1)免疫療法の開発を目的とした。モガムリズマブ投与後にSBZ及び Taxを発現するワクシニアウイルスを5回接種し、プロウイルス量、Tax発現細胞数を解析したところ、モガムリズマブ投与直後と比較してTax発現細胞はさらに減少傾向となり、Taxに対する免疫応答の増強による効果と考えられた。本研究結果は国際雑誌Scientific Reportsに掲載された(Sugata K,et al. Enhancement of anti-STLV-1/HTLV-1 immune responses through multimodal effects of anti-CCR4 antibody. Scientific Reports, in press.)。
H27-B15 代:草山 太一
ひも引き協力課題を用いたマーモセットの協力行動
学会発表 Taichi Kusayama Cooperative behaviors of common marmosets: opening the food container task(2015年9月10日?12日) 日本動物心理学会第75回大会(日本女子大学).
論文 Nakagawa, H., Ninomiya, T., Yamashita, T. and Takada, M(2015) Reorganization of corticospinal tract fibers after spinal cord injury in adult macaques. Sci. Rep 5:11986.
Identification and Promoter/enhancer analysis of HERV-K LTR elements in primates
論文 Hee-Eun Lee, Selvam Ayarpadikannan, Heui-Soo Kim(2015) Role of transposable elements in genomic rearrangement, evolution, gene regulation and epigenetics in primates Genes & Genetic Systems 90(5):245-257. 謝辞あり
Identification and Promoter/enhancer analysis of HERV-K LTR elements in primates
Kim Heui-Soo , Jungwoo Eo , Hee-Eun Lee
Human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) and related sequences account for ~8% of the human genome. It is thought that HERVs are derived from exogenous retrovirus infections early in the evolution of primates. Among the three HERV classes, class II HERVs exist in the lowest frequency in the human genome, but they include the HERV-K family, which is the youngest family and is known to have actively mobilized since the divergence of humans and chimpanzees. For better understanding the regulatory mechanism, HERV-K expression in four primates was performed. First we tried RT-PCR with human reference gene; GAPDH, chimpanzee reference gene; EEF2, and HERV-K env. As the figure 1 shows, all four species’ tissue has expression of HERV-K. In addition, the western blot was performed to check the protein expression of HERV-K and R env protein in various tissues of four kinds of primates. Each sample is labeled in the figure 1. The expression of HERV-K env protein shows expression in most of tissues except for pancreas, tongue, and testis (fig.2). Also, the orangutan ileum shows no expression. For HERV-R env protein, the expression pattern shows similar as HERV-K env protein. The HERV Env proteins were observed moderate to high levels in each tissue, showing tissue-specific or species-specific expression patterns. In addition, transcription factor binding sites for HERV-K102 was detected by the program called TRANSFAC v8.0 (fig.3). The primers were designed into 4 sets, with fixed reverse primer as shown in the figure 3. As a result of the luciferase assay, LTR primer (F4) shows the highest promoter activity from all four primers in both A549 and HCT116 cell lines. These data suggest a biologically important role for the retroviral proteins in a variety of the healthy tissues of primates.
H27-B18 代:関澤 麻伊沙
ニホンザル野生群におけるInfant handlingの意義
論文 Maisa Sekizawa, Nobuyuki Kutsukake(2019) Maternal protectiveness is negatively associated with infant handling in wild Japanese macaques Behaviour 156(2):155-179. 謝辞あり
Maisa Sekizawa, Nobuyuki Kutsukake The significance of infant handling in wild Japanese macaques( 2017年12月12日~2017年12月15日) Gottinger Freilandtage. Social complexity: patterns, processes and evolution( ドイツ).
Population genetics of M. fascicularis (long-tailed macaque) throughout Thailand: mainly focus on their hybridization range with M. mulatta (rhesus macaque)
論文 Bunlungsup, S., Imai, H., Hamada, Y., Matsudaira, K., and Malaivijitnond, S.( 2016) Mitochondrial DNA and two Y-chromosome genes of common long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis fascicularis) throughout Thailand and vicinity American Journal of Primatology : doi:10.1002/ajp.22596. 謝辞 Acknowledged
学会発表 Bunlungsup, S., Imai, H., Hamada, Y., Matsudaira, K., and Malaivijitnond, S. Genetic diversity of long-tailed macaque and the impact of geographical barrier on the hybridization( 15 December 2015) Symposium on Primate Diversity in East and Southeast Asia( Bangkok, Thailand).
Population genetics of M. fascicularis (long-tailed macaque) throughout Thailand: mainly focus on their hybridization range with M. mulatta (rhesus macaque)
Srichan Bunlungsup , Suchinda Malaivijitnond
The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of zoogeographical barriers in Thailand on the genetic structure of long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) and their hybridization with rhesus macaques (M. mulatta). mtDNA and Y-chromosome (SRY and TSPY) genes of long-tailed and rhesus macaque living in Thailand and vicinity were analyzed. Based on mtDNA analysis, all monkeys were divided into five clades; Sundaic insular, Sundaic Thai Gulf, Vietnam, Sundaic Andaman Sea coast and Indochina, respectively. Interestingly, monkeys lived at the Sundaic peninsular were separated into Thai Gulf and Andaman sea side, and the latter was grouped with Indochinese population. We supposed that during the glacial period, some monkeys from South-easternmost Indochina (Southern Cambodia/Vietnam) migrated across the land bridge westward to peninsular Malaysia, moved northward along Andaman Sea coast and inhabited the areas. From Y-chromosome analysis, the limited gene flow from male rhesus macaques southward to long-tailed population was detected around the Isthmus of Kra. Though, our findings support the previous reports, the more complex results are found.
H27-B20 代:今村 拓也
種特異的ノンコーディングRNAによるほ乳類脳神経機能分化
論文
学会発表 Masahiro Uesaka, Kinichi Nakashima, Kiyokazu Agata, Takuya Imamura Species-specific repertories of promoter-associated non-coding RNAs may contribute to the diversification of gene expression profile(2015年5月25日) 第9回エピジェネティクス研究会年会(学術総合センター(東京都千代田区)).
Masahiro Uesaka, Kinichi Nakashima, Kiyokazu Agata, Takuya Imamura Species-specific repertories of promoter-associated non-coding RNAs may contribute to the diversification of gene expression profile(2015年6月3日) 第48回 日本発生生物学会年会.
学会発表 Nami Arakawa Comparative Study of Gene Expression Patterns in Skins between Humans and Other Primates (Poster)(2015年7月13日) The annual meeting of the Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution(Vienna, Austria).
学会発表 Hidaka Anetai,Kounosuke Tokita,Ryuuhei Kojima Relation of segmental variation in the lumbosacral plexus to length of the 12th rib in macaque specimens.(平成27年3月21~23日) 第120回日本解剖学会総会・全国学術集会・第92回日本生理学会大会合同大会(神戸コンベンションセンター).
Masaru NAITO, Masaki SHIMADA Ranging behavior of Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) invading “uninhabited area”: The relationship between vegetation and travel speed around Lake Okutama, Tokyo.( 26-30, July, 2015. ) The 5th International Wildlife Management Congress(Sapporo, Japan).
遺伝子解析により、中部地方に生息するニホンザルの群れや地域集団の類縁関係を明らかにし、地域個体群の成立過程を検討することを目的にして、DNA試料の野外採集と分析を行った。 2015年6月から11月にかけて、滋賀県杉野川、岐阜県揖斐川流域でDNA試料の糞を採集した。分析の結果、ミトコンドリアDNA調節領域(mtDNA-CR)(1015塩基対)から、Aタイプ(杉野川、揖斐川)、Bタイプ(揖斐川)、2つのハプロタイプを検出した。2タイプの第二可変域に注目して、ハプロタイプを分類(Kawamoto et al 2007)すると、AはJN21タイプ、BはJN30タイプであった。JN21タイプは、第一可変域に10種類のハプロタイプを持っており、揖斐川のJN21集団は先行研究により石川県白山の集団や岐阜県長良川の集団と共通のタイプであることが分かっていたが、今回の調査で、同じタイプが滋賀県杉野川流域にも分布する可能性が考えられた。JN21集団は近畿地方から中部地方にかけて広域に分布している集団であるが、このうち日本海沿い分布している4タイプの集団(西からA:京都、B滋賀・福井、C石川・岐阜、D富山)について、mtDNAハプロタイプのネットワーク解析(TCS解析)を行った結果、遺伝的な近縁関係は、A→B→D→Cの順に並び、必ずしも地理的位置関係と一致しないことが分かった。研究成果を2015年10月25日に霊長類研究所で開催された共同利用研究会「ニホンザル研究のこれまでと、今後の展開を考える」で公表した。
学会発表 Sellers WI, Brassey CA, O'Mahoney T, Yoxhall A, Hirasaki E Measuring 3D primate finger movements: the application of video photogrammetry( 24th - 26th June 2015) The Anthropology of Hands Conference( Kent, Canterbury, UK).
The Comparative Biomechanics of the Primate Hand.
William Sellers
This project was focused primarily on the acquisition of a range of comparative biomechanical data in order to better understand the evolution of manual dexterity among the primates. Our primary dataset was obtained by filming individual animals held at PRI. This entailed extensive preparation work at PRI ensuring access to the enclosures and adequate space for setting up the cameras and lights needed for the experiments as well as designing suitable arrangements for allowing the subject animal to interact manually with various food items. The filming itself was carried out over a 2 week period in August 2015 and was in general very successful. For the first time we used 8 synchronised cameras and this allowed us to cover a larger angular range for better 3D reconstruction. However this innovation was not without its difficulties since it meant that we generated a great deal of raw data and the time taken for data transfer and archive is appreciable. The extra cameras also produced a number of hardware challenges with reliable synchronisation that had to be overcome. We also trialed new software for 3D photogrammetric reconstruction and this, coupled with the extra cameras, means that we have achieved our basic objective of capturing the 3D finger movements in Japanese macaques, capuchin monkeys, and a spider monkey in manual feeding tasks involving different sized food items. This is a major achievement and is the first time such data have been obtained. However we are still at the stage of data analysis. Our current system captures the 3D outlines automatically but the underlying skeletal movements that are an essential part of understanding the musculoskeletal processes need to be calculated based on surface anatomical feature. This calculation process requires considerable operator intervention in its current form and it extremely time consuming. We are therefore currently working on automatically fitting hand outlines to the point cloud data so that the skeletal movements can be extracted both more accurately and much more rapidly. We are similarly working on how to best present this complex, multidimensional dataset in a form suitable for publication since this is the first time such data has been examined in this way. At the same time it has become clear from our initial analysis that we need to improve some aspects of our experimental design. It is likely that the camera placement used with 8 cameras could be improved and we wish to trial different camera arrangements to improved the directional coverage, and reduce the issues associated with fine finger movements being obscured. In addition we need to extend the range of hand use tasks to cover a wider range of grip styles. The monkeys have strong grip preferences and the current tasks only allow subtle differences associated with different sized food items. We therefore need to experiment with a larger range of manual tasks including locomotor hand use so that we can measure the major classes of hand use that have been described in the literature.
"Determining the correlation between primate abundance and habitat quality index based on the application of protein-to-fiber ratio analysis of mature leaves of dominant tree species in logged forests in Sabah, Malaysia"
"Determining the correlation between primate abundance and habitat quality index based on the application of protein-to-fiber ratio analysis of mature leaves of dominant tree species in logged forests in Sabah, Malaysia"
Henry Bernard
Discussons have been made with my local research collaborator (DR. Ikki Matsuda) during the short term visit to PRI on the potential of using habitat quality index, measured as mature leaves protein-to-fiber ratio, to predict primate population abundance at local spatial scales in Sabah. The analysis was further extended to include not only research sites in Sabah, but also sites elsewhere in Kalimantan, Sumatera and Peninsula Malaysia. All raw data on crude protein and fiber (ADF) from 6 diferent sites on Borneo (i.e., 5 sites in Sabah and 1 site in Kalimantan) and 1 site in Sumatera have been integrated. In addition, secondary data form 1 site in peninsular Malaysia were obtained and included in the overall data pool. Altogether, the data set combined represented the crude protein and ADF of mature leaves of dominant tree species from Abai, Sukau, Danum Valley, Kalabakan, Klias, Sebangau, Pangandaran and Kuala Lompat. However, the main issue with regard to estimating folivores primate biomass at the different sites remains unresolve, due to differences in the methods used to estimate the primate biomass at the different sites. Moreover, there were sites where primate biomass estimates are non-available. Therefore the analysis between habitat quality index and primate biomass for the different sites is still pending. It was envisaged, however, that this issue will be settled in the near future. A discussion was also held on how to write the paper in connection with the obtained data and intensive literature research was made based on available resources at PRI. All chemical analysis of leave samples have been completed and a simple laboratory procedure to assess particle size of primate feces have been observed. The primate particle size analysis may become useful in the future in connection with dietary studies of primates which is a topic related to the current data analysis on leaf quality index. During the visit, a draft paper co-authored by Dr. Ikki Matsuda and other collegues, was produced which has been submitted for potential publication. Lastly, we have discussed concerning future research collaboration between ITBC,UMS and PRI.
H27-B38 代:高田 達之 協:檜垣 彰吾 協:三ツ石弥 千代
"霊長類ES,iPS細胞分化に与える環境化学物質の影響"
論文 Okamoto Y, Yoshida N, Asami M Shimozawa N, Matsuda T, Kojima N, Perry A.F.P., Takada T(2016 Jan 11) NA methylation dynamics in mouse preimplantation embryos revealed by mass spectrometry Sci Rep.(doi: 10.1038/srep19134.).
学会発表 Okamoto Y, Yoshida N, Asami M Shimozawa N, Matsuda T, Kojima N, Perry A.F.P., Takada T DNA methylation dynamics in mouse preimplantation embryos revealed by mass spectrometry(Feb. 17-19, 2016) International Symposium on Epigenome Dynamics and Regulation in Germ Cells(Kyoto, Japan).
高田達之 幹細胞生物学を利用した固有魚種保存と環境科学研究 Application of stem cell biology to the conservation of endangered endemic fish and environmental science(2016/2/29) 鹿児島大学大学院連合農学研究科 分野別セミナー(那覇 琉球大学).
"霊長類ES,iPS細胞分化に与える環境化学物質の影響"
高田 達之 , 檜垣 彰吾, 三ツ石弥 千代
ヒトiPS細胞を使用し、レチノイン酸存在下において分化培養を行った。この際、様々な環境化学物質を培地に添加し、未分化マーカー遺伝子、細胞分化マーカー遺伝子・レチノイン酸応答遺伝子の発現変化をreal-time PCRを用いて解析した。その結果、ビスフェノールAおよびノニルフェノールが未分化マーカー遺伝子およびレチノイン酸応答遺伝子発現に与える影響することがわかった。現在そのシグナル伝達経路を解明すべく、マイクロアレイを用い、gene set enrichment解析を行っている。 また化学物質がエピジェネシスに与える影響を明らかにするため、LC/MS/MSによる、メチルシトシン(mC)、5ヒドロキシメチルシトシン(hmC)の微量定量法を開発し、まずカニクイザル組織中のmC,hmCの定量を行った。霊長類においても脳組織に高いhmC(0.8%/G)が検出され、中枢神経系におけるhmCの機能が示唆された。次にマウス卵において受精後のDNAの脱メチル化の微量定量解析を行った。これにより、リプログラミング過程におけるDNAメチル化動態を初めて定量的に解析することができた。その結果、父方ゲノムにおいては、DNA複製前から急激な脱メチル化が生じ、受精10時間後には約40%低下すること、受精後10-48時間(2-cell から8-cell)はメチル化レベルがほとんど変化せず、その後再び低下し、胚盤胞期胚ではmC量は約1%となることが明らかとなった。また5hmCレベルは常に低く、特に受精後3-6時間においては5mCの低下と5hmCの生産は相関していないこと、雄性発生胚でのみ5hmCが高いレベルで検出され、母方ゲノムとの関連性が示唆された。
学会発表 Yuri Nakayama,Shiro Matsuoka,Yutaka Watanuki Increase of size and division of a troop of Japanese monkey : affect demography ?(2015.7.26-30) Vth International Wildlife Management Congress(札幌).
学会発表 Bambang Suryobroto External Morphological Characteristics of Sulawesi Macaques(7 月 18 日~7 月 20 日) 第 31 回日本霊長類学会大会(京都).
Genomic Evolution of Sulawesi Macaques
Bambang Suryobroto
Sulawesi macaques are exceptional as the seven species evolved allopatrically in an island that is less than 5% of the whole coverage area of the genus Macaca. The island itself is part of the zoogeographical realm called Wallacea that is highly endemic. There are three issues regarding the evolution of Sulawesi macaques. The first is taxonomic status, the second phylogenetic relationship, and the third hybrid population problem. Recent development in DNA technology (next generation sequencing, NGS) leads to the ability to read the whole genome of an individual. This immense genomic data provide an opportunity to find the most taxonomically informative loci to base the phylogenetic hypotheses and also to observe the gene dynamics of hybrid population. Dr. Yohei Terai (Soken-dai) and I went to Palu in Sulawesi, near the boundary of the distribution of two macaque species, Macaca tonkeana and M. hecki. We sampled DNA from nine individuals of M. tonkeana and ten of M. hecki. We constructed genomic DNA libraries from all 19 samples, and subsequently captured the exon sequences using exon capturing kit. The average size of libraries were 550 bp. We will determine the exon sequences from the libraries.
H27-B49 代:Kanthi Arum Widayati
Greater sensitivity in yellow-blue (YB) color of dichromat monkeys
学会発表 Widayati KA, Suryobroto B, Saito A, Mikami A, Koida K Ability of Female Color Blind Gene Carrier Monkeys in Breaking Color Camouflage and Discriminating Colors((2015.7.3-7)) 23rd Symposium of International Color Vision Society(Sakura Hall in Katahira campus, Tohoku university).
Widayati KA, Tanaka K, Saito A, Mikami A, Suryobroto B, Koida K? THE STORY OF COLOR BLIND MACAQUES ?(2015-7.21-22) The 4th International Symposium on Primatology and Wildlife Science (Science Seminar House, North Campus of Yoshida Campus, Kyoto University).
Greater sensitivity in yellow-blue (YB) color of dichromat monkeys
Kanthi Arum Widayati
Macaque monkeys have trichromatic color vision homologous to that in humans. However, through molecular genetic analysis, previous study demonstrated the existence of a dichromatic genotype among the crab-eating macaques. Previous research showed that dichromat monkey could not discriminate colors along the protanopic (colorblind) confusion line, though trichromats could. Present study aims to study sensitivity in yellow-blue (YB) color and luminance of colorblind monkey and compare it with colorblind-gene carrier and trichromat monkeys. We used several blue and yellow colors with three levels of contrast and six levels of luminance to paint dots arranged to be discernible as a global pattern. Visual stimuli are presented on screens of two iPods, and each was placed on top of a reward hole. Monkeys were trained to choose target from distractors to get the reward by sliding the appropriate device. So far we found that there are no differences between dichromat, trichromat and carrier monkeys in detecting the target. We need to introduce lower contrast stimuli to find the threshold. Now we are doing experiment with additional fund other than kyodoryo.
H27-B50 代:Laurentia Henrieta Permita Sari Purba
Variation of Gene Encoding Receptor of PTC bitter taste Compound in Leaf-eating Monkeys
学会発表 iroo Imai, Takashi Hayakawa, Nami Suzuki, Yamato Tsuji, Hiroshisa Hirai, Laurentia Henrieta, Sarah Nila, Kanthi Arum Widayati, Bambang Suryobroto Functional characteristic of gene encoding receptor of PTC bitter taste compound in leaf-eating monkeys(18-20 July 2015) Program of 31st Congress of The Primate Society of Japan(Japan).
Variation of Gene Encoding Receptor of PTC bitter taste Compound in Leaf-eating Monkeys
Laurentia Henrieta Permita Sari Purba
TAS2R38 is one of TAS2R multigene families that encode receptor to recognize bitter from PTC compound. TAS2R38 had been identified in many primates. TAS2R38 in human, chimpanzee, Japanese macaques exhibit intra-species polymorphism that lead to different behavioural response of individual. Taster individual show aversion to PTC, in contrast to tolerant in non-taster individuals. Leaf-eating monkeys (Subfamily Colobines) are unique among primates because their diet mostly consisted of leaves that perceptually tasted bitter to human. Based on behavioral experiment, Chiarelli (1963) found that five individuals of three species of Colobines have non-taster phenotype. Thus, we conducted preliminary behavioral experiments of PTC-tasting on leaf-eating monkeys kept in Ragunan Zoo. The result indicated that nine individuals of genus Trachypithecus, Presbytis and Nasalis were all less sensitive to PTC compared with macaque. Genomic DNA of leaf-eating monkey was obtained from fecal samples. After DNA extraction, TAS2R38 gene region was specifically amplified using standard PCR reaction. The result showed that there are some polymorphisms in the TAS2R38 genes of the monkeys. By calcium imaging methods, we found the cell expressing TAS2R38 receptor of leaf-eating monkeys have lower respond to PTC compared to macaque similar with the behavioral respond of the monkeys against PTC.
学会発表 Yoshiki Morimitsu Study on Conservation Unit of Japanese Macaques Using Genetic Information.(July 27,2015) Vth International Wildlife Management Congress IWMC2015(Sapporo Japan).
論文 Suzuki-Hashido N, Hayakawa T, Matsui A, Go Y, Ishimaru Y, Misaka T, Abe K, Hirai H, Satta Y, Imai H.(2015) Rapid expansion of phenylthiocarbamide non-tasters among Japanese macaques. PLOS ONE 10(7):e0132016.
Carelli FN, Hayakawa T, Go Y, Imai H, Warnefors M, Kaessmann H.(2016) The life history of retrocopies illuminates the evolution of new mammalian genes. Genome Research 26(3):301-314.
Yasuhiro Go, Qian Li, Shoji Tatsumoto, Philipp Khaitovich Spatiotemporal gene expression trajectory in the human and non-human ape brains(2015年11月19日) Cold Spring Harbor Symposium ~Behavior & Neurogenetics of Nonhuman Primates~(Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA).
論文 Iwanaga J, Watanabe K, Saga T, Tabira Y, Hirasaki E, Fisahn C, Tubbs S, Kusukawa J, Yamaki K. (2017) Radiological and microsurgical anatomy for variation of the mandible: comparative study of human and Macaca fascicularis. The Anatomical Record 300(8):1464-1471. 謝辞あり
論文 Kakizoe, Y., Nakaoka, S., Catherine A. A. Beauchemin, C. A. A., Morita, S., Mori, H., Igarashi, T., Aihara, K., Miura, T., and Iwami, S.(2015) A method to determine the duration of the eclipse phase for in vitro infection with a highly pathogenic SHIV strain. Sci. Rep. 5:10371.
Kakizoe, Y., Morita, S., Nakaoka, S., Takeuchi, Y., Sato, K., Miura, T., Beauchemin, C. A., Iwami, S.(2015) A conservation law for virus infection kinetics in vitro. J. Theor. Biol. 376:39-47.
Ishida, Y., Yoneda, M., Otsuki, H., Hishiki, T., Igarashi, T., Miura, T. Generation of CCR5 tropic and neutralization–resistant SHIV(2015年11月22-24日) 第63回日本ウイルス学会学術集会(福岡).
Watanabe, Y., Iwami, S., Matsuura, K., Mori, H., Hishiki, T., Miura, T., Akari, H., Igarashi, T. 高病原性SHIV感染サルにおいてウイルス感染CD163陽性マクロファージは様々な半減期を持つ集団から構成され、最も半減期の長い集団はART下のリザーバーとなり得る(2015年11月22-24日) 第63回日本ウイルス学会学術集会(福岡).
脊椎動物において、視物質とは似て非なる光受容蛋白質(非視覚型オプシン)が数多く同定されている。私共は、マウスやヒトの非視覚型オプシンOPN5がUV感受性の光受容蛋白質であることを見出し(Kojima et al., 2011)、従来UV光受容能がないとされていた霊長類にも、UV感受性の光シグナル経路が存在するという仮説を提唱した。そこで本研究では、OPN5を介した光受容が霊長類においてどのような生理的役割を担うのかを推定するため、霊長類におけるOPN5の発現パターンや分子機能を解析している。これまでのニホンザル組織試料を用いた解析から、ニホンザルOPN5遺伝子には哺乳類以外のOPN5遺伝子には見られないエクソンが存在することが明らかになっている。そこで本年度はニホンザル・アカゲザル・マーモセット由来の各組織において、このエクソンを含む新奇転写産物を定量し、これまで同定されていた通常型OPN5転写産物と比較した。その結果、これらの転写産物の量比が組織によって異なることを見出した。この新たなOPN5転写産物の機能や存在意義に着目して今後も研究を進めたい。
H27-B86 代:大石 元治 協:荻原 直道 協:小薮 大輔
オランウータンにおける胸郭の形態学的研究
論文 Bastir M, Garcia-Martinez D, Williams SA, Recheis W, Torres-Sanchez I, Rioe FG, Oishi M, Ogihara N(2017) 3D geometric morphometrics of thorax variation in Hominoidea Journal of Human Evolution 113:10-23. 謝辞あり
DNA analysis of wild rhesus macaques in Southern China
論文 Peng ZHANG, Mu-yang LYV, Cheng-feng WU, Yuan-meng-ran CHU, Ning HAN, Danhe YANG,Kaijin HU(2016) Variation in body mass and morphological traits in Macaca mulatta brevicaudus from Hainan, China. American Journal of Primatology 10.1002/ajp.22534 In Press.. 謝辞あり
ZHANG Peng, WU Chengfeng; CHU Yuanmengran(2016) Do Non-human Primates Avoid Inbreeding? Acta Anthropologica Sinica In press 1000-3193(2015)00-0000-13. 謝辞あり
DNA analysis of wild rhesus macaques in Southern China
Zhang Peng , Chengfeng Wu , Yuanmengran Chu
I and my student Miss Xiaochan Yan cooperated with Dr. Imai Hiroo, Primate Research Institute of Kyoto University. Based on amplifying, sequencing and other molecular techniques, we successfully selected a set of microsatellite loci for the study group, and we found it was high homology among Rhesus macaque in Neilingding Island. As a result, we successfully selected 4 high polymorphism microsatellite locus of 10 candidate locus to establishing kinship network and compared to affiliative behavior network. We found it was significant correlation between kinship network and affiliative behavior network, which supported to kin selection theory. The result also suggests that with amplification several times, fecal sample is a suitable DNA source for wildlife genetic research. In 22 Nov, 2015, we invited Prof. Matsuzawa Tetsuro to visit my lab in Sun Yat-sen university, China, he gave an impressive lecture to students. From March 3-6, I attended the 5th International Symposium at Primatology and Wildlife Science in Inuyama. I thanks Dr. Imai and his colleagues at PRI for their great advice and helps, and hope to have more chances for such cooperation.
Figure 1. Measuring macaque's body mass. The digital display was recorded while the monkey was standing or sitting on the scale for more than 3 seconds (units:kg)
論文 Sato-Akuhara, N. Horio, N. Kato-Namba, A. Yoshikawa,K. Niimura, Y. Ihara, S. Shirasu, M.* and Touhara, K.(2016) Ligand specificity and evolution of mammalian musk odor receptors: the effect of single receptor deletion on odor detection The Journal of Neuroscience (in press). 謝辞あり
Mika Shirasu, Kazushige Touhara Specific olfactory receptors mediate musk odor perception(2015年9月3日) International Conference of European Chemoreception Research Organization (ECRO)(Turkey).
学会発表 Kei Fukuda, Kenji Ichiyanagi Epigenome evolution in primates(2015年12月) 第38回日本分子生物学会(横浜).
霊長類におけるエピゲノム進化の解明
一柳 健司
我々は霊長類におけるゲノム進化とエピゲノム進化の関係を解明するため、霊長類各種の組織におけるDNAメチル化の比較解析を行ってきた(Fukuda et al. 2013, J. Human Genet.58:446-454)。GAINより提供いただいたニホンザル精子サンプルについて、全ゲノムレベルでDNAメチル化状態を決定し、既に公表されているヒトとチンパンジーのデータを含め、精子メチル化状態の3種比較を行った。興味深いことに、大きな低メチル化領域(数十kb以上)がヒト特異的に多数出現していることが分かった。さらに、これらの低メチル化領域はヒト特異的なコピー数多型や染色体再編成の領域に頻出していた。すなわち、精子でのDNAメチル化レベルの変化がゲノム安定性の変化医に寄与していると考えられる(論文投稿中)。 また、GAINよりテナガザル精巣サンプルを頂き、RNAを抽出した。過年度に霊長研から提供いただいたチンパンジー精巣や別に入手したヒト精巣サンプルと合わせて、精巣内小分子RNA(主にpiRNA)の種間比較解析を進めている(未発表)。
Morikawa Makoto, Pomchote Porrawee, Sankai Tadashi, Hamada Yuzuru, Matsuo Koichi Seasonality in Bone Mineralization of Auditory Ossicles and Long Bones in the Primate Macaca fuscata(October 9-12, 2015) Annual Meeting of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research(Seattle, Washington, USA).
論文 Kawai, N. & Koda, H.( 2016) Japanese monkeys (Macaca fuscata) quickly detect snakes but not spiders: Evolutionary origins of fear-relevant animals Journal of Comparative Psychology 130( 3): 299-303. 謝辞 あり
学会発表 Nobuyuki Kawai Evolutionarily predisposed snake fear: Comparative, Developmental, and Electrophysiological studies(2016年3月5日) The 5th International Symposium on Primatology and Wildlife Science(Inuyama, Aichi, JAPAN).
論文 Hosaka, Kazuhiko; Huffman, Michael A.(2015) Gerontology In: Mahale Chimpanzees: 50 Years of Research (eds. Nakamura M, Hosaka K, Itoh N, Zamma K), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.:326?339.
本年度はマハレのチンパンジー研究50周年を記念して、第31回日本霊長類学会大会の自由集会(7月、京都大学)やマハレ50周年記念展・公開シンポジウム(9月、東京大学)を企画し、自ら本共同研究のテーマに関連する発表をおこなった。とくに近年、複数調査地で明らかになりつつある野生チンパンジーの50歳を超える寿命及び高い繁殖年齢について、マハレのデモグラフィー資料や老齢個体の事例を紹介しながら話題提供した。長期調査によりチンパンジーの生活史を明らかにすることが、繁殖停止後の老年期の長さに特徴があるヒトの生活史戦略の進化の理解に役立つことを主張した。また、9月には、調査地を同じくする共同研究者とともに、学術論文集“Mahale Chimpanzees: 50 Years of Research”をケンブリッジ大学出版局から出版した。23章“Gerontology(老年学)”は所内対応者との共著であり、上述したチンパンジーの生活史戦略に関する内容に加え、老齢個体に特徴的な身体・行動及び社会的地位の変化があるのかという問題(具体的には、一方的に受ける毛づくろい関係、アルファ雄の同盟者としての地位、他個体が示す寛容性と敬意の顕著化といった側面)について、未出版の観察記録や先行研究を例示しながら論じた。
学会発表 Aorarat Suntronpong、久郷和人、舛本寛、平井啓久、古賀章彦 CENP-B box is likely to confer selective advantage on its host organism(2015/9/25) 第87回日本遺伝学会大会(仙台市(東北大学)).
セントロメアの構造と機能の進化
舛本 寛 , 久郷 和人
セントロメアの形成に関与するタンパクであるcentromere protein B(CENP-B)は、DNA結合ドメインをもち、17塩基対からなるモチーフを認識してDNAに結合する。このモチーフはCENP-B boxとよばれ、20年以上前に舛本が中心となってヒトとマウスで発見したものである。すぐ後に、ゴリラ等の大型類人猿にもあることが報告された。しかし、近年のゲノム情報の膨大な蓄積にも関わらず、これ以外の生物種での同定の報告はない。我々は「適切な検出法がないために同定に至らないのであって、CENP-B boxは広い範囲の生物種に存在する」との仮説を立てた。 この仮説を検証するために、霊長類の中でヒトからさらに遠い関係にある新世界ザルを対象とし、また検出法を工夫して、探索を行った。まず6種の培養細胞に対して免疫染色を行い、4種でセントロメアにCENP-Bの結合があるとの結果を得た。続いてセントロメアDNAの塩基配列を解読し、この4種のうちの3種(マーモセット、リスザル、タマリン)で、候補となるモチーフを見出した。続いてクロマチン免疫沈降を行い、同定したモチーフがCENP-B boxとして機能することを確認した。 少なくとも新世界ザルでは、仮説は証明されたことになる。この仮説がより広範囲の生物種で正しいとすると、「CENP-B boxはホストの長期的な生存に有利に作用する」との新たな仮説が成り立つ。この共同研究で、CENP-B boxの進化的な意義の追求が進展した。
論文 Kenya Matsumura, Hiroo Imai, Yasuhiro Go, Masatoshi Kusuhara, Ken Yamaguchi, Tsuyoshi Shirai, Kazuhiko Ohshima(2018) Transcriptional activation of a chimeric retrogene PIPSL in a hominoid ancestor Gene 679(30 December):318-323. 謝辞あり
【1】頭骨の性差 (1)個体数を調査した結果、対象とする種はニホンザルとした (2)Ecogeographical and Phylogenetic Effects on Craniofacial Variation in Macaques(Ito et al.2014)に基づく 【2】骨盤の性差 (1)個体数を調査した結果、対象とする種はニホンザルとした (2)Allometric Scaling and Locomotor Function in the Primate Pelvis (Lewton 2015)に基づく (3)大型霊長類の骨盤における耳状面前溝 霊長類における妊娠・分娩の淘汰圧を推定する参考のために、ゴリラ、チンパンジー、オランウータンの骨盤の仙腸関節部骨表面を肉眼観察した。その結果、ゴリラにおいて、メスでは妊娠・分娩の回数を反映した耳状面前溝が見られたが、オスでは、妊娠・分娩とは無関係ながら顕著な耳状面前溝が現れた。一方、オランウータンでは、妊娠・分娩の有無にかかわらず耳状面前溝が全く現れなかった。チンパンジーでは、妊娠・分娩の回数を反映した耳状面前溝が見られた。これらの結果より、霊長類の妊娠・分娩が骨盤に与える負荷を解明するためには、骨盤と胎児のサイズの関係以外の要因(ロコモーション様式など、仙腸関節部にかかる負荷)も考慮する必要があることがわかった。
H27-D12 代:日暮 泰男
ニホンザルの中手骨と中足骨に関する機能形態学的研究
論文 Higurashi Y, Goto R, Nakano Y(2019) Integrative experimental and morphological study of the metacarpal and metatarsal bones of the Japanese macaque (Macaca fuscata) Anthropological Science 127(2):123-130. 謝辞あり
H27-D18 代:Neysa Grider-Potter 協:Ryosuke Goto 協:Kenji Oka
Functional Morphology of the Head and Neck of Hylobates lar
Functional Morphology of the Head and Neck of Hylobates lar
Neysa Grider-Potter , Ryosuke Goto, Kenji Oka
One of the neck’s primary function is to provide head mobility. This mobility is essential in mammalian locomotion, balance, feeding, and predator vigilance but should be especially critical for primates, who engage in diverse ranges of postural and locomotor repertoires. Very little is known about variation in mobility among primates, and even less is known about how cervical vertebrae morphology affects neck range of motion (ROM). The goal of this study is to explore how cervical skeletal features correlate with range of motion of the neck. We predict: 1) tall vertebral bodies facilitate greater ranges of flexion, 2) long, inferiorly oriented spinous processes inhibit extension, and 3) tall uncinate processes and long transverse processes inhibit lateral flexion. Gibbon ranges of maximum flexion, extension, and lateral flexion were collected through radiographs (n=1). Radiographs were digitized and joint ROM were measured using ImageJ. Human ROM was obtained from the literature. Human (n=4) and gibbon (n=7) cervical vertebrae were digitized using a Microscribe 3DS. Angular and linear measurements were taken from these data using Rhinoceros 3DM. Vertebral morphology and intervertebral ROM within the vertebral column were investigated using OLS regression The negative relationship between lateral flexion and transverse process length approaches significance (p<0.1) and regressions have moderate fit (r^2hu=0.48, r^2gi=0.52). In both species, the positive relationship between lateral flexion and uncinate process height approaches significance (p<0.1) with moderate fit (r^2hu=0.66, r^2gi=0.63). Contrary to the predictions, uncinate height increases with interverteral range of lateral flexion. No other significant relationships were found between intervertebral range of motion and morphology. There are weak relationships between intervertebral range of motion and morphology within the ape cervical spine. It is possible that selection on mobility is secondary to other aspects of neck function, such as postural maintenance. Soft tissues may more strongly influence mobility. It is likely that intraspinal differences are too minute to show a statistically significant pattern. An interspecific comparison may elucidate a relationship between cervical form and mobility.
H27-D19 代:Elena Cattaneo 協:Giulio Paolo Formenti
Sequencing of huntingtin orthologs in macaca fuscata
Sequencing of huntingtin orthologs in macaca fuscata
Elena Cattaneo , Giulio Paolo Formenti
Our Italian laboratory of is focussed on the study of a severe neurological disorder, Huntington Disease (HD). More specifically, my group is investigating the evolutionary background under which the genetic mutation causative of the disease, a CAG trinucleotide repeat longer than 35 repeats within Huntingtin (Htt), has emerged. Our principal aims are: 1) the sequencing in several Non-Human Primate (NHP) species of HTT Exon 1 in order to gather a vast collection of sequencing data including Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) and CAG length polymorphisms; 2) the reconstruction of HTT Exon 1 ancestral states along the human evolutionary lineage; 3) the identification of NHPs carrying long CAG repeats for disease modelling purposes. Using the DNA samples, we have used a self-established High-Throughput protocol (Figure 1), which allowed me to correctly PCR-amplify, clone into plasmids and Sanger-sequence the Htt exon 1 in 82 different samples from Macaca fuscata. In particular, after PCR amplification using High-Fidelity Taq (Figure 2), products were cloned into sequencing vector PCR 4.0 and transformed into TOP10 competent bacterial cells, which were subsequently grown in 6 well Multiwell plates (Figure 3). The single colonies were plated in 96 well plates for HT plasmid DNA extraction (Figure 4). Our hosts at PRI provided full support throughout the entire process (Figure 5). These data have shed light on the CAG length variability within this species and will be used to plan further experiments.
H27-D21 代:Laura Buck 協:Jay Stock 協:Isabelle De Groote
Skeletal adaptation in Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) in response to environmental variation across the Japanese Archipelago
論文 Buck, L.T., De Groote, I., Hamada, Y., Stock, J.T.(2018) Humans preserve non-human primate pattern of climatic adaptation Quaternary Science Reviews 192:149-166. 謝辞We would like to thank the editor and two anonymous reviewersfor their helpful and constructive comments. For access tocollections and their help and kindness to LTB during data collectionwe would like to thank Tsuyoshi Ito and colleagues at thePrimate Research Institute (Inuyama). This article began life as apresentation as part of the AHRC discussion meeting Coping withClimate: the Legacy of Homo heidelbergensis. LTB thanks the PIs ofthat project, Rob Hosfield and James Cole, for their invitation to takepart in the discussion meeting and this special issue. The researchleading to these results has received funding from the EuropeanResearch Council under the European Union's Seventh FrameworkProgramme (FP/2007-13) / ERC Grant Agreement n. 61727.
Buck, L.T., De Groote, I., Hamada, Y., Hassett, B.R., Ito, T., Stock, J.T.(2019) Evidence of different climatic adaptation strategies in humans and non-human primates Scientific Reports 9:11025. 謝辞Institute (Inuyama). For access to Jomon collections and their help to LTB, IDG and BRH, we thank Reiko Konoand colleagues (National Museum of Nature and Science, Tuskuba), Hirofumi Matsumura (Sapporo MedicalUniversity), Masato Nakatsukasa and Satoshi Koyashi (Kyoto University), and Noriko Seguchi and ShioriYonemoto (Kyushu University). We are especially grateful to Satoshi Koybashi for CT scanning the materialhoused at Kyoto University. Rebecca Roberts (University of Cambridge) provided invaluable planning andadministrative help throughout the project. We thank the Weaver lab, UC Davis, for helpful discussion andcomments during the preparation of this manuscript. The research leading to these results has received fundingfrom the European Research Council under the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme (FP/2007-13)/ERC Grant Agreement n. 617627.
学会発表 Buck, L.T. Are we what we eat? Regional diet, but not climate shapes cranial morphology in Jomon foragers(04/2019) American Association of Physical Anthropologists(Cleveland, USA).
Buck, L.T. Climate, craniofacial plasticity and culture: A comparison of ecogeographic patterns in cranial shape between Jomon foragers and Japanese macaques(04/2018) American Association of Physical Anthropologists(Austin, USA).
Buck, L.T. A colonising niche? Comparing climatic adaptation in Jomon foragers and Japanese macaques(09/2017) European Society for the Study of Human Evolution(Leiden, The Netherlands).
Buck, L.T. Climatic adaptation in Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) as a model for calibrating human intraspecific variation. (04/2017) American Association of Physical Anthropologists(New Orleans, USA).
Buck, L.T. Did unique levels of plasticity facilitate hominin colonisation of novel habitats?(02/2017) AHRC Network Project Workshop: Coping with climate: the legacy of Homo heidelbergensis( Brighton, UK).
Skeletal adaptation in Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) in response to environmental variation across the Japanese Archipelago
Laura Buck , Jay Stock, Isabelle De Groote
This project addresses the question of skeletal plasticity to climate. We will compare skeletal shape between groups of Japanese macaques from different environments and contrast this with climate-correlated skeletal shape differences between Jomon groups from matched regions. We seek to determine whether monkeys, and by inference other non-human primates, adapt to climatic stimuli in the same way as humans do.
We are using a combination of CT scanning and traditional osteometry to collect 3D landmark, cross-sectional geometric and traditional morphometric data. We will analyse characteristics such as the globularity of the neurocranium, facial prognathism and cheek projection, nasal and orbital shape in the cranium, limb and autopod proportions, limb bone curvature and robusticity (via cross-sectional geometry), body breadth, body size and body mass in the postcrania. Laura Buck arrived at the PRI on 4th April to begin data collection. This comprises traditional osteometrics and CT scans collected by Dr Buck using the medical CT scanner at the PRI following training by Dr Ito (PRI). Eighty macaque skeletons have been chosen from the PRI collections, ten adult males and ten adult females from each of four sites with different environments (north to south: Shimokita, Nagano, Shimane and Yakushima). To date 35 skeletons have been measured and CT scanned. Analyses of scan and morphometric data will be conducted at the University of Cambridge on Dr Buck’s return, to examine relationships between macaque morphology and climatic data.
From 16th March t0 3rd April, Drs Buck and De Groote visited the National Museum of Science and Nature (Tsukuba), University of Kyoto and Sapporo Medical School to evaluate the Jomon sample with which to compare the macaque data being collected at PRI. We have ascertained that there is a good potential sample from sites in Hokkaido and Honshu and a number of specimens from Kyushu (see table below). We are currently contacting institutions in Kyushu with the hope of extending the sample from that region. We hope to collect data from 20 individuals from each of the four regional matches for the macaques and also 20 from Hokkaido, which Japanese macaques have never inhabited.
humerus, radius, ulna, femur, tibia, first metatarsal, first metacarpal, clavicle and second rib
論文 Tomoko Sakai, Junichi Hata, Hiroki Ohta, Yuta Shintaku, Naoto Kimura, Yuki Ogawa, Kazumi Sogabe, Susumu Mori, Hirotaka J. Okano, Yuzuru Hamada, Shinsuke Shibata, Hideyuki Okano, and Kenichi Oishi(2018) The Japan Monkey Centre Primates Brain Imaging Repository for comparative neuroscience: an archive of digital records including records for endangered species Primates 59(6):553-570. 謝辞あり
Tomoko Sakai, Akichika Mikami, Juri Suzuki, Takako Miyabe-Nishiwaki, Mie Matsui, Masaki Tomonaga, Yuzuru Hamada, Tetsuro Matsuzawa, Hideyuki Okano, and Kenichi Oish(2018) Developmental trajectory of the corpus callosum from infancy to the juvenile stage: Comparative MRI between chimpanzees and humans PLOS ONE 12http://www.pri.kyoto-u.ac.jp/research/kyododb/5LujOumFkuS6lSDmnIvlrZA_.html?mode=ronbun_edit(6). 謝辞なし
学会発表 Tomoko Sakai Mapping Evolution and Development of the Primate Brain by Neuroimaging Techniques(2016/03/28) 文部科学省平成27年科学技術人材育成費補助事業ダイバーシティ研究環境実現イニシアティブ(特色型)How Humans Evolved Supersize Brains -The Growth of the Brain-(Toyama).
Sakai, T., Hata, J., Ohta, H., Shintaku, Y., Kimura, N., Sogabe, K., Mori, S., Okano, H.J., Hamada, Y., Shibata, S., Okano, H., and Oishi, K The Japan Monkey Centre Primates Brain Imaging Repository for comparative neuroscience: an archive of digital records including records for endangered species(2018/7/24) International Symposium Towards Understandin “INDIVIDUALITY”(Kyoto).