論文 Takada, M., Inoue, K., Koketsu, K., Kato, S., Kobayashi, K., Nambu, A.(2013) Elucidating information processing in primate basal ganglia circuitry: a novel technique for pathway-selective ablation mediated by immunotoxin. Front. Neural Circuits 7:140.
Hirano, M., Kato, S., Kobayashi, K., Okada, T., Yaginuma, H., and Kobayashi, K.(2013) Highly efficient retrograde gene transfer into motor neurons by lentiviral vector pseudotyped with fusion glycoprotein. PLoS One 8(9):e75896.
Kato, S., Fukabori, R., Kobayashi, K., Yawo, H., Isomura, Y., Kobayashi, K. Functional control of specific neural pathways in basal ganglia circuit by HiRet vector-mediated transgene expression. (November 9, 2013) 43rd Annual Meeting of Society for Neuroscience(San Diego).
霊長類に特異的なイムノトキシン神経路標的法の開発
小林 和人 , 加藤 成樹, 伊原 寛一郎
霊長類の高次脳機能の基盤となる脳内メカニズムの解明とゲノム科学との融合のために、複雑な神経回路における情報処理とその調節の機構の理解が必要である。我々は、これまでに、高田教授の研究グループと共同し、高頻度な逆行性遺伝子導入を示すウイルスベクター (HiRet/NeuRetベクター)を用いて特定の神経路を切除する遺伝子操作技術を開発した。この神経路標的法では、ヒトインターロイキン-2受容体αサブユニット(hIL-2Rα)遺伝子を発現するNeuRetベクターを脳に注入することにより、そこへ入力する神経路にhIL-2R遺伝子を発現させ、その後特定脳領域にhIL-2Rαに対して選択的に作用する組換え体イムノトキシンを投与することによって、目的の神経路の選択的除去を誘導する(Inoue et al., 2012)。しかし、このイムノトキシンはサルIL-2Rαに交差反応する可能性があり、標的細胞への選択性を高めるために、サルIL-2Rαに反応せず、マウスIL-2Rα(mIL-2Rα)に選択的に作用する新たなイムノトキシン(anti-mCD25-PE38)の開発を試みた。mIL-2Rαを用いて免疫化したラットより調製された3種類の抗体(3C7, 2E4, PC61)について、ハイブリドーマから得た遺伝子配列に基づきVHとVL領域を単一ペプチドとして連結し、緑膿菌体外毒素の膜貫通・触媒ドメインに融合したイムノトキシンを発現するベクターを作製した。これらのイムノトキシンについて大腸菌で発現させ、精製し、イムノトキシンの性能を評価する予定である。また、NeuRetベクターの遺伝子導入効率を向上させるため、融合糖タンパク質のジャンクションの至適化を行い、新たな融合糖タンパク質型(FuG-E)を開発した(Kato et al.,2014)。今後、FuG-Eベクターについてサル脳内への遺伝子導入頻度を解析する予定である
H25-A2 代:磯田 昌岐 協:松本 正幸 協:Kevin McCairn
霊長類モデルを用いたトゥーレット症候群に有効な脳深部刺激療法の基礎的研究
論文 McCairn KW, Iriki A, Isoda M( 2013) Deep brain stimulation reduces tic-related neural activity via temporal locking with stimulus puses Journal of Neuroscience 33( 15): 6581-6593.
McCairn KW, Isoda M( 2013) Pharmacological animal models of tic disorders International Review of Neurobiology 112: 179-209.
学会発表 McCairn KW, Iriki A, Isoda M Deep brain stimulation eliminates tic-related neural activity via interlocking with stimulus pulses( May 30, 2013) The 16th Wuadrennial Meeting of the World Society for Stereotactiv and Functional Neurosurgery( Tokyo, Japan).
McCairn KW, Isoda M, Iriki A, Takada M, Matsumoto M Decoding a limbic-motor network contribution to the expression of obsessive compulsive behavior in macaques( June 22, 2013) The 36th Annual Meeting of the Japan Neuroscience Society( Kyoto, Japan).
McCairn KW, Iriki A, Isoda M Elimination of tic-related neuronal activity by deep brain stimulation via interlocking with stimulus pulses( June 24, 2013) The 11th World Congress of Biological Psychiatry( Kyoto, Japan).
McCairn KW, Iriki A, Isoda M Global dysrhythmia of cortico-basal ganglia-cerebellar networks underlie motor tics in a nonhuman primate model of Tourette syndrome( June 26, 2013) The 11th World Congress of Biological Psychiatry( Kyoto, Japan).
McCairn KW, Isoda M, Iriki A, Takada M, Matsumoto M Decoding a limbic-motor network contribution to the expression of obsessive-compulsive behavior in macaques( June 27, 2013) The 11th World Congress of Biological Psychiatry( Kyoto, Japan).
論文 Masayuki Matsumoto, Masahiko Takada(2013) Distinct representations of cognitive and motivational signals in midbrain dopamine neurons Neuron 79(5):1011-1024.
学会発表 Takashi Kawai, Nobuya Sato, Masahiko Takada, Masayuki Matsumoto Representation of learning signals in lateral habenula and anterior cingulate cortex(2013年6月22日) Neuro2013(京都).
Takashi Kawai, Nobuya Sato, Masahiko Takada, Masayuki Matsumoto Negative feedback monitoring by lateral habenula and anterior cingulate cortex in monkey during a reversal learning task(2013年11月10日) Neuroscience 2013, Society for Neuroscience(San Diego).
論文 Hirata, Y., Miyachi, S., Inoue, K.I., Ninomiya, T., Takahara, D., Hoshi, E., Takada, M.(2013) Dorsal area 46 is a major target of disynaptic projections from the medial temporal lobe. Cereb. Cortex 23(12):2965-2975.
Saga, Y., Hashimoto, M., Tremblay, L., Tanji, J., Hoshi, E.(2013) Representation of spatial- and object-specific behavioral goals in the dorsal globus pallidus of monkeys during reaching movement. J. Neurosci. 33(41):16360-16371.
Arimura, N., Nakayama, Y., Yamagata, T., Tanji, J., Hoshi, E.(2013) Involvement of the globus pallidus in behavioral goal determination and action specification. J. Neurosci. 33(34):13639-13653.
論文 Miyanohara M, Imai S, Okamoto M, Saito W, Nomura Y, Momoi Y, Tomonaga M, Hanada N.(2013) Distribution of Streptococcus troglodytae and Streptococcus dentirousetti in chimpanzee oral cavities. Microbiology and Immunology 57(5):359-65. 謝辞あり
論文 Horiguchi M, Ohi K, Hashimoto R, Hao Q, Yasuda Y, Yamamori H, Fujimoto M, Umeda-Yano S, Takeda M, Ichinose H.(2013) A functional polymorphism (C-824T) of the tyrosine hydroxylase gene affects intelligence quotient in schizophrenia Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 68(6):456-62.
Ohi K, Hashimoto R, Yasuda Y, Fukumoto M, Yamamori H, Umeda-Yano S, Fujimoto M, Iwase M, Kazui H, Takeda M(2014) Influence of the NRGN gene on intellectual ability in schizophrenia. Journal of Human Genetics 58(10):700-705.
Ohi K, Hashimoto R, Yamamori H, Yasuda Y, Fujimoto M, Umeda-Yano S, Fukunaga M, Watanabe Y, Iwase M, Kazui H, Takeda M (2013) The impact of the genome-wide supported variant in the cyclin M2 gene on gray matter morphology in schizophrenia. Behavioral and Brain Functions 9(1):40.
Ohi K, Hashimoto R, Yamamori H, Yasuda Y, Fujimoto M, Nakatani N, Kamino K, Takeda M (2013) How to diagnose the 22q11.2 deletion syndrome in patients with schizophrenia: a case report. Annals of General Psychiatry 12(1):29.
Hashimoto R, Ikeda M, Ohi K, Yasuda Y, Yamamori H, Fukumoto M, Umeda-Yano S, Dickinson D, Aleksic B, Iwase M, Kazui H, Ozaki N, Weinberger DR, Iwata N, Takeda M (2013) Genome-wide association study of cognitive decline in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 170(6):683-684.
本研究は現段階でも継続中であり、26年度も引き続き、共同利用研究として継続希望が採択された。本研究では2000年から数年に渡り思考言語分野において採取、冷凍保存されていたチンパンジーの母乳サンプルを調べることにより、ヒトとチンパンジーにおける代謝および免疫に関係する因子の比較をおこなう。またチンパンジーの授乳期間が長いことから、母乳中の因子と乳児の発達との関係性を調べる。さらに同様に採取された母子の糞尿サンプルもあわせて調べることにより、乳児の発達に伴った母子の生理学的変化を総合的に検討する。現段階では、コロラド大学の研究協力者の実験室において、分析担当者の選抜および訓練がおこなわれている。また、母乳サンプル輸出についても、ワシントン条約に基づいたCITES(Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species)手続きのためのチンパンジー3個体各々の書類準備が進められている。今夏以降には、サンプルの輸出をおこない、分析を開始する予定である。
H25-A12 代:南部 篤 協:畑中 伸彦 協:知見 聡美
霊長類脳科学の新しい展開とゲノム科学との融合に向けた神経解剖学的検索
論文 Miyachi S, Hirata Y, Inoue K, Lu X, Nambu A, Takada M(2013) Multisynaptic projections from the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex to hand and mouth representations of the monkey primary motor cortex Neurosci Res 76:141-149.
Takada M, Hoshi E, Saga Y, Inoue KI, Miyachi S, Hatanaka N, Inase M, Nambu A (2013) Organization of two cortico?basal ganglia loop circuits that arise from distinct sectors of the monkey dorsal premotor cortex. Basal Ganglia ? An Integrative View:DOI: 10.5772/54822.
Takada M, Inoue K, Koketsu D, Kato S, Kobayashi K, Nambu A(2013) Elucidating information processing in primate basal ganglia circuitry: a novel technique for pathway-selective ablation mediated by immunotoxin. Front Neural Circuits 7:140.
Hatanaka N, Miyachi S, Nambu A, Takada M Neuronal networks innervating the jaw-opening and jaw-closing muscles: A retrograde transneuronal tracing study with rabies virus in the rat.(2013. 11. 12) Neuroscience 2013 (San Diego, USA).
H25-B1 代:森本 直記 協:Christoph Zollikofer 協:Marcia Ponce de Le?n
マカクザルにおける出産様式に関する形態学的研究
論文 Kawada M, Nakatsukasa M, Nishimura T, Kaneko A, and Morimoto N(2020) Covariation of fetal skull and maternal pelvis during the perinatal period in rhesus macaques and evolution of childbirth in primates. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117(35):21251-21257. 謝辞あり
学会発表 Atsushi Matsui, Yoshihito Niimura, Kazushige Touhara Evolution of olfactory receptor gene repertoires in primates(1st, November, 2013) The 11th International Symposium on Molecular and Neural Mechanisms of Taste and Olfactory Perception(Fukuoka, Japan).
学会発表 Akiko Kato, Nancy Tang, Amanda M. Papakyrikos, Katie Hinde, Ellen Miller, Yutaka Kunimatsu, Eishi Hirasaki, Daisuke Shimizu, Tanya M. Smith Molar enamel thickness in four macaque species(9-13 April 2013) 82nd annual meeting American Association of Physical Anthropologists (AAPA)(Knoxville, Tennessee).
Nancy Tang, Akiko Kato, Katie Hinde, Ellen Miller, Tanya M. Smith Molar development and life history in four macaque species(9-13 April 2013) 82nd annual meeting American Association of Physical Anthropologists (AAPA)(Knoxville, Tennessee).
ニホンザルにおける歯の組織構造と成長
加藤 彰子 , Tanya Smith
これまでに我々は、ニホンザルを含む6種類のマカクの歯冠エナメル質の厚みについてX線CT画像解析により調査をおこなってきた。その結果、平均的エナメル質の厚み(AET)と相対的エナメル質の厚み(RET)は種間で有意な差が認められ、特にカニクイザルとブタオザルではAETが低く、ニホンザルとバーバリーマカクではAETが高い結果となった。上下顎ともに第一大臼歯のAETは各マカクの生息範囲を代表する緯度との間に有意な正の相関関係が見られた(p<0.001)。RETの比較ではAETで見られた結果とは異なる種間差が認められた。つまり、RETはベニガオザルで相対的に小さく、カニクイザルで相対的に大きな厚みとなった。ニホンザルのRETは全6種の中では最も大きな厚みが認められた。これらの結果と生息環境および食性との関係について先行研究を基に考察し、AJPA(American Journal of Physical Anthropology)に現在投稿中である。今後は、大臼歯の歯冠エナメル質に認められる成長線を用いて歯の形成速度と食性との関係を調査していく予定である。
H25-B7 代:Heui-Soo Kim 協:Ja-Rang- Lee 協:Jung-Woo-Eo
Molecular characterization of HERV-R family in primates
論文 Jungwoo Eo, Hee-Jae Cha, Hiroo Imai, Hirohisa Hirai, and Heui-Soo Kim( 2014) Expression Profiles of Endogenous Retroviral Envelopes in Macaca mulatta (Rhesus Monkey) AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses 30(10): 996-1000. 謝辞 This research was supported by the Cooperative Research Program of the Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University.
Yuri Choi, Yi-Deun Jung, Selvam Ayarpadikannan, Akihiko Koga, Hiroo Imai, Hirohisa Hirai, Christian Roos,and Heui-Soo Kim( 2014) Novel variable number of tandem repeats of gibbon MAOA gene and its evolutionary significance Genome 57( 8): 427-432. 謝辞 This research was supported by the Cooperative Research Program of the Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University.
学会発表 Jungwoo Eo Expression of Human Endogenous Retrovirus (HERV)-R Env Protein in Non-human Primates( October 9-11, 2013) International Conference of the Korean Society for Molecular and Cellular Biology( Seoul, Korea).
Jungwoo Eo Expression Analysis of Human Endogenous Retrovirus (HERV)-R in Primates( September 5-6, 2013) 2013 KOGO 22nd Annual Conference( Seoul, Korea).
Jungwoo Eo Endogenous retroviral envelope protein expression in rhesus monkey (Macaca Mulatta) and common marmosets (Callithrix Jacchus)( 11th-16th August, 2014) XXCth congress of the International Primatological society( Vietnam).
Molecular characterization of HERV-R family in primates
Heui-Soo-Kim , Ja-Rang- Lee, Jung-Woo-Eo
Endogenous retroviruses (ERVs), which are footprints of ancient germ line infections, inserted into the genome early in primate evolution. Human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) occupy around 8% of the human genome. Although most HERV genes are defective with large deletions, stop codons, and frameshifts in the open reading frames (ORFs), some of full-length sequences containing long ORFs are expressed in several tissues and cancers. Several envelope glycoproteins, encoded by env genes, have retained some characters of their ancestral infectious viruses with essential physiological consequences for the organs where they are expressed. Previous studies have shown Env expression of HERVs at mRNA level rather than the more difficult detection of protein expression in cells and tissues. Whether Env is functionally conserved in primate species is not well explored. To better understand possible role of Env in primates, here, we examined the expression of four HERVs (HERV-R, -K, -W, and -FRD) Env proteins in various tissues of rhesus monkey and common marmosets. The HERV Env proteins were observed moderate to high levels in each tissue, showing tissue-specific or species-specific expression patterns. These data suggest a biologically important role for the retroviral proteins in a variety of the healthy tissues of rhesus monkey and common marmosets.
Fig. 1. Expression of HERVs (HERV-R, -K, -W, -FRD) Env proteins in rhesus monkey and common marmosets. Expressions in various tissues of (a) Rhesus monkey, (b) infant common marmoset, and (c) adult common marmoset were analyzed by western blotting. Western blot was performed in more than three independent experiments. Each band was normalized to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH).
DNA analysis of wild rhesus macaques in Southern China
DNA analysis of wild rhesus macaques in Southern China
Peng Zhang , Yang Liu, Xunxiang Xia
Abstract Knowledge of intraspecific variation is important to test the evolutionary basis of covariation in primate social systems, yet few reports have focused on it, even in the best-studied species of the Macaca genus. We conducted a comparative study of the dominance styles among three provisioned, free-ranging groups of Japanese macaques at Shodoshima Island, Takasakiyama Mountain and Shiga Heights, and collected standard data on aggressive and affiliative behavior during a period of 5 years. Our data in the Takasakiyama and Shiga groups support previous studies showing that Japanese macaques typically have despotic social relations; nevertheless, our data in the Shodoshima group are inconsistent with the norm. The social traits of Shodoshima monkeys suggested that: (1) their dominance style is neither despotic nor tolerant but is intermediate between the two traits; (2) some measures of dominance style, e.g., frequency and duration of social interactions, covary as a set of tolerant traits in Shodoshima monkeys. This study suggests broad intraspecific variation of dominance style in Japanese macaques as can be seen in some other primate species.
論文 Enari H, Enari SH, Okuda K, Maruyama T, Okuda NK(2019) An evaluation of the efficiency of passive acoustic monitoring in detecting deer and primates in comparison with camera traps Ecological Indicators 98:753-762. 謝辞あり
ニホンザルの個体群管理に資することを目的に、音声記録法を利用した本種の個体群モニタリング手法の開発を一昨年度から着手している。当該年度において、その実用試験を白神山地北東部において6月と9月の2回実施した。それぞれの季節に、7か所のモニタリングサイトを用意し、音声記録装置(Song Meter SM2+)1台と、精度検証を目的としたセンサーカメラ(Reconyx HC600)3台をそれぞれ設置した。その結果、ニホンザルの群れの検出頻度は、両手法間で同等、もしくは音声記録法が上回るケースも確認された。6月の実験では、エゾハルゼミによる環境雑音(約3,000Hz)による検出力の低下が当初懸念されたものの、周波数が異なるニホンザルのクーコール(1,000Hz以下)であれば検出は可能であった。音声記録法で得られたニホンザルの発声音は、予め設定した音声判別因子(recognizer)によって自動検出できるため、調査者の目によってニホンザルの撮影画像を特定する必要のあるセンサーカメラに比べて、調査者間バイアスを低減させることが可能であると考えられる。ただし、音声判別因子の精度は季節や周辺の環境条件によって変動することも考えられ、今後も異なる条件で実用化に向けた試験を繰り返す必要がある。
H25-B14 代:小島 大輔 協:森 卓 協:鳥居 雅樹
霊長類の光感覚システムに関わるタンパク質の解析
霊長類の光感覚システムに関わるタンパク質の解析
小島 大輔 , 森 卓, 鳥居 雅樹
脊椎動物において、視物質とは似て非なる光受容蛋白質(非視覚型オプシン)が数多く同定されている。私共は最近、非視覚型オプシンの一つOPN5がマウスの網膜高次ニューロンや網膜外組織(脳や外耳)に発現すること、さらにマウスやヒトのOPN5がUV感受性の光受容蛋白質であることを見出した [Kojima et al. (2011) PLoS ONE, 6, e26388]。このことから、従来UV光受容能がないとされていた霊長類にも、UV感受性の光シグナル経路が存在することが示唆された。そこで本研究では、OPN5を介した光受容が霊長類においてどのような生理的役割を担うのかを推定するため、霊長類におけるOPN5の発現パターンを解析している。本年度は、主としてニホンザルの各組織(眼球・外耳など)より調製したcDNA試料を用いて、OPN5遺伝子発現の詳細な解析を行ったところ、哺乳類以外のOPN5遺伝子には見られないエクソンが存在することが明らかになった。ニホンザルの場合、このエクソンを含むOPN5 転写産物は、これまで同定されていた通常型OPN5転写産物よりも発現量が高いことがわかった。今後は、この新たなOPN5転写産物の機能や存在意義にも着目して研究を進めたい。
H25-B15 代:鍔本 武久
現生ニホンザルにおける距骨サイズの変異と体重との関係
論文 Tsubamoto, T., Egi, N., Takai, M., Thaung-Htike, and Zin-Maung-Maung-Thein(2016) Body mass estimation from the talus in primates and its application to the Pondaung fossil amphipithecid primates Historical Biology 28(1-2):27-34. 謝辞あり
Tsubamoto, T.(2019) Relationship between the calcaneal size and body mass in primates and land mammals Anthropological Science 127(1):73-80. 謝辞あり
Tsubamoto, T.(2019) Intraspecific variations of the astragalar and calcaneal sizes in living Japanese monkey (Macaca fuscata) Memoirs of the Faculty of Science, Ehime University 22:1-17. 謝辞あり
論文 Sato T, Hori N, Nakamoto N, Akita M, Yoda T.(2013) Masticatory muscle tendon-aponeurosis hyperplasia exhibits heterotopic calcification in temporal tendon Oral Dis in press.
Nakamoto A, Sato T, Hirosawa N, Nakamoto N, Enoki Y, Chida D, Takeda S, Usui M, Sakamoto Y, Yoda T.(2013) Proteomoics-based identification of novel proteins in tendon of masticatory muscle tendon-aponeurosis hyperplasia patients Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 43(1):113-119.
学会発表 Tsuyoshi Sato Masticatory muscle tendon-aponeurosis hyperplasia exhibits heterotopic calcification in temporal tendon(平成25年10月3日) ASBMR Symposium: Cutting Edge Discoveries in Muscle Biology, Disease and Therapeutics(Baltimore, USA).
腱および骨組織の効率的再生に向けた基礎研究
佐藤 毅 , 榎木 祐一郎, 小宮山 雄介
【目的】咀嚼筋腱・腱膜過形成症の開口障害は腱組織の過形成に起因しており、われわれは本疾患患者の腱組織において、分泌タンパク質であるβ-crystallin A4(CRYBA4)が特異的に上昇していることを報告している(Nakamoto A et al, 2013)。また、本疾患の男女比は1:2.5と女性に多い(有家ら2009)。今回、腱細胞におけるCRYBA4の機能およびエストロゲンの作用について検討を行った。 【方法】マウス眼球cDNAからPCRでCRYBA4を増幅し発現ベクターpcDNA3へクローニングを行った。腱細胞株としてTT-D6細胞を用いた。TT-D6細胞にCRYBA4を過剰発現させ、腱分化マーカーの発現を検討した。さらに、エストロゲンとして17β-estoradiolを用い、TT-D6細胞に作用させて腱分化マーカーの発現をリアルタイムPCRで検討した。 【結果】TT-D6細胞にCRYBA4を過剰発現させることで腱分化の初期マーカーであるscleraxisの遺伝子発現が低下した。17β-estoradiol処理によりTT-D6細胞においてcollagen 6A1の遺伝子発現が上昇した。 【結論】咀嚼筋腱・腱膜過形成症においては、CRYBA4の発現が高いことで、腱細胞の分化初期を抑制するが、エストロゲンの作用で腱細胞のコラーゲン線維の増加を促進させる可能性が示唆された。
学会発表 Sawano K1,3, Yokoyama T4, Tanaka T2, Kato T2, Takahashi T1,, Hagiwara H3, Inoue T3, Sato M5, Tateishi K4, Kawahara N 4 The relationship between thickness of the skull wall and the presence and positioning of the carotid canal and the Cochlea within human and mammalian evolution.(2013-11-03,雑誌刊行はDecember 2013. ) The 67th Annual Meeting of the Anthropological Society of Nippon (筑波・国立科学博物館.Anthropological Science Vol. 121 (3) : p.240. ).
論文 Mochida, K. & Nishikawa, M.(2014) Sleep duration is affected by social relationships among sleeping partners in wild Japanese macaques. Behavioural Processes 103:102-104.
Male dispersal of the Taiwanese macaque (Macaca cyclopis) in Ershui area of Taiwan
Male dispersal of the Taiwanese macaque (Macaca cyclopis) in Ershui area of Taiwan
Su Hsiu-hui , Fok Hoi Ting
This research aimed to investigate the population genetics in wild Macaca cyclopis at Hengchun peninsula, the south most region of Taiwan. Fecal samples were used to extract DNA, on which cmyc control and sexing test were conducted. The good quality and known-sex DNA samples were analyzed by sequencing of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) HVR-I and 3 autosomal microsatellite loci. We found 10 haplotypes from HVR-I analysis, including 7 haplotypes found in both sexes and 3 haplotypes found only in males. Nucleotide variation among the 10 haplotypes is between 1 to 14 base pair, and their pairwise distance is 0.002-0.020. The result of Maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree and TCS network constructed by HVR-I sequences suggested that M. cyclopis at the peninsula diverged into 3 clades, north, central and south. The north clade is located above Highway 200, the central clade is located at Nanrenshan, and south clade is located south to the Sianglin Village. Three rare haplotypes were carried by 3 different males, which may suggest their migration from other unsampled populations or transferring by human to this region. We tested 79 samples (9 samples in north clade, 1 samples in central clade and 69 samples in south clade) for 3 microsatellite loci, including D7S794, D14S306 and D19S582, which have 5, 6 and14 alleles, respectively. The result of AMOVA (FST = 0.046) by GENALEX and the number of migrates is 5.136 per generation, which showed recent gene flow among the 3 clades. We are going to analyze more loci to increase the accuracy. Base on the maternal molecular marker analysis we suggest that there are three clades of M.cyclopis at Hengchun peninsula, but the biparental marker analysis shows that there is recent gene flow among clades. Female philopatry may lead to the mtDNA geographical structure, and movement of males among clades occurs.
Study on phylogeography of macaques and langurs in Nepal
Study on phylogeography of macaques and langurs in Nepal
CHALISE MUKESH
I changed the plan of this cooperative research program due to paucity of fund to visit Japan. I and counterpart tried to found a small facility in Kathmandu to initiate laboratory work for phylogeographical study on Nepalese primates. It became possible to extract DNA from fecal samples by combining sampling and preparation methods originally designed by the counterpart. During the study period, I collected fecal samples of Assamese macaques and Gray langurs in Nepal (see attached map) and succeeded in extracting DNA for DNA typing. In October 2013, I also conducted a field investigation with the counterpart at Ramanagar (for Semnopithecus hector) and Aanbookhaireni (for Macaca assamensis) for observation and fecal sampling of langurs and Assamese macaques, respectively. A preliminary analysis of mtDNA sequencing was conducted in Inuyama by the ounterpart. In the analysis of langurs, the applicability of PCR primers was tested for mtDNA direct sequencing. It was necessary to design new primers specific to the control region. Finally, we could make protocols which allow examinations of mtDNA 16S rRNA region and HVR1 (hypervariable region 1). We will apply this new protocol to further investigation of Nepalese primates in future study.
論文 Kawashima T, Thorington RW Jr., and Sato F.( 2013) Systematic and comparative morphologies of the extrinsic cardiac nervous system in lemurs (Primates: Strepsirrhini: Infraorder Lemuriformes, Gray, 1821) with evolutionary morphological implications. Zoologischer Anzeiger (A Journal of Comparative Zoology) 252: 101-117. 謝辞 あり
論文 Kataoka Y, Ikezono T, Fukushima K, Yuen K, Maeda Y, Sugaya A, Nishizaki K.( 2013) Cochlin-tomoprotein (CTP) detection test identified perilymph leakage preoperatively in revision stapes surgery. Auris Nasus Larynx. 40(4): 422-4. 謝辞著者:池園 哲郎年:2013タイトル:難治性めまいへのアプローチ 外リンパ瘻 診断基準の改定と臨床所見の特徴雑誌名:Equilibrium Research巻:72号:4ページ:215-221謝辞:
学会発表 Ikezono T Instruction coursePerilymphatic fistula with high diagnosis accuracy : A novel perilymph specific protein “cochlin tomo-protein”( 2013.4.27-30) 2nd Meeting of European Academy of ORL-HNS and CE ORL-HNS( Nice,FRANCE発表者:Ikezono Tタイトル:SymposiumInner ear proteomics identifies unique structures of cochlin isoforms ?insights to cochlin function and pathophysiology of dfna9-年月日:2013.6.4学会名:20th World Congress of the International Federation of Oto-Rhino- Laryngological Societies iFOS開催地:Seoul,KOREA発表者:Ikezono Tタイトル:SymposiumInner ear trauma with perilymphleakage Clinical characteristics revealed by novel biochemical diagnostic marker年月日;2013.6.4学会名:20th World Congress of the International Federation of Oto-Rhino- Laryngological Societies iFOS開催地:Seoul,KOREA発表者:Ikezono T, Usami S, Suzuki M, Ogawa Kタイトル:Panel discussionWhat is special with perilymph? Clinical characteristics revealed by novel biochemical diagnostic marker Cochlin-tomoprotein(CTP)年月日;2013.11.14-17学会名:29th POLITZER SOCIETY MEETING the most prestigious meeting on Otology開催地:Antalya TURKEY発表者:池園哲郎タイトル:教育講演外リンパ瘻の臨床-診断のバイオマーカーCTPの診断性能と診断基準改定年月日;2013.5.15-18学会名:第114回日本耳鼻咽喉科学会総会開催地:北海道札幌市発表者:池園哲郎タイトル:公募インストラクションコース外リンパ瘻(CTP検査の有用性)年月日;2013.11.24-26学会名:第23回日本耳科学会総会開催地:宮崎県宮崎市).
Identification of hybrids between long-tailed and rhesus macaques in a hybrid population in Thailand
Identification of hybrids between long-tailed and rhesus macaques in a hybrid population in Thailand
Janya Jadejaroen , Suchinda Malaivijitnond
I have studied hybrids between long-tailed and rhesus macaques in Thailand (Khao Khieow Open Zoo, KKZ) based on their morphological, behavioral and genetic characteristics. Morphological study was conducted by using relative tail length, pelage color, crown hair, cheek hair and sexual skin. Morphological characteristics of macaques in the study area were divided in groups from long-tailed to rhesus macaques by using cluster analysis. Individuals with known morphological characteristics were selected for behavioral study. Genetic study for the discrimination of rhesus and long-tailed macaques was studied during this cooperative program. The aim of this study was to use single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in STAT6 fragments for the discrimination of rhesus and long-tailed macaques according to the Barr et al. (2011) using the techniques adapted and developed by Dr. Kawamoto. Sixty-four fecal samples (of 54 macaques) from KKZ (2011-2012) were extracted using potato starch method. After amplification for STAT6 genes and checking for amplicons, 21 samples were selected for the SNPs study. In addition, 25 fecal DNA samples of KKZ 2011, 40 blood DNA samples of KKZ 2006 (Drs. Malaivijitnond & Hamada’ s), 10 fecal DNA of long-tailed macaques at Kasetsart University, Si Racha Campus and nearby area 2011 and 9 crude blood samples of long-tailed macaques from Wang Kaew (WK), Rayong Province 1998 (Dr. Kawamoto’ s) were also amplified and tested for products of STAT6 fragments. The PCR condition for amplification was step 1; 94°C for 2 hours, step 2; 98°C for 10 seconds, 58°C for 30 seconds, and 68°C for 30 seconds, and step 3; 10°C for infinity. The amplification conditions of STAT6 genes for fecal DNA, blood DNA, and crude blood were KOD-FX x 45 cycles of step 2 (2 repeats), KOD-FX x 35, and KOD-FX x 40, respectively. PCR products checking were by running the amplicons through 2% agarose gel in TAE buffer system. In Barr et al. (2011), the different between the 2 species was at base 491 which is A in rhesus and G in long-tailed macaques. When applying Apa I as restriction enzyme, Dr. Kawamoto found that this could be applicable for the discrimination of the two species when checking DNA bands after digestion of STAT6 fragments of each sample. By using Apa I, STAT 6 fragments with G at base 491 were cut while the fragments with A at base 491 were not (Figure1). In cases of heterozygotes, some fragments were cut while some were not. This produced one band of 745 base pairs in rhesus AA type, two bands of 511 and 234 base pairs in long-tailed GG type, and three bands of 745, 511 and 234 base pairs in AG heterozygotes. Of the 21 fecal DNA samples of KKZ (2011-2012), 18 could be genotyped as 4, 8 and 6 AA, AG, and GG, respectively. Of the 25 fecal DNA samples of KKZ (2011), 24 could be genotyped as 1, 12 and 11 AA, AG, and GG, respectively. For 40 blood DNA samples of KKZ 2006; 4, 24 and 12 were AA, AG, and GG, respectively. Genotypes frequencies of KKZ samples collected in 2006 and 2011 suggested random mating (2006: Fisher exact probability test, P=0.8225; 2011: Fisher exact probability test, P=0.5936, Chi-square = 1.12 (<3.84 at P=0.05, df=1)). Allele frequencies of KKZ sampling in 2006 and 2011 and 2011 and 2011-2012 were insignificant different (Chi-square = 1.53 and 2.09, respectively at P=0.05, df=1). From 10 fecal samples of long-tailed macaques from Kasetsart University, Si Racha Campus and nearby areas, 8 could be genotyped as GG the others were not detected. All the 9 crude blood WK long-tailed samples were genotyped as GG. In addition to confirm the SNPs, we checked the sequence of STAT 6 fragments. We checked 4, 2 and 4 AA, AG, and GG of fecal and blood samples from the hybrid population in KKZ. The sequences confirmed all the AA, AG, and GG with 2 AA that could not be detected. Three and 4 samples of long-tailed macaques from the campus and nearby areas and from WK also confirmed GG homozygotes. The results of this study suggested that SNPs different in STAT6 fragments could be used for the discrimination of rhesus and long-tailed macaques. This could be used as the genetic evidence of hybrids between the two species in KKZ, Thailand.
過去の共同利用研究で、石川、富山、新潟、長野、岐阜の中部5県の山岳地域に生息するニホンザルの群れから、ミトコンドリアDNA調節領域(mtDNA-CR)(412塩基対)について、6タイプの塩基配列の変異を検出した。6タイプの中の1つのJN21タイプ(kawamoto et al 2006による分類)は近畿地方から中部地方の日本海側に広域的に分布し、ニホンザルの群れの分布拡大の経過を検討する上で重要な集団である。JN21の分布域の中で唯一太平洋側に分布する岐阜県長良川流域の群を対象にして、DNA試料(糞)の採集とmtDNA-CR第1可変域(603塩基対)と第2可変域(412塩基対)の遺伝子分析を行った。第2可変域に関しては、長良川本流右岸と右岸支流の新宮川流域でJN21を12例、長良川本流左岸と右岸支流の内ヶ谷でJN22を18例検出した。2つのタイプは412塩基対のうち1塩基対が異なるだけの近縁な集団である。DNAによる性判別で、JN21、JN22タイプ共にメスの個体を含む集団であることを確認することができたので、長良川流域にはこの2つのタイプの集団が生息することが分かった。第1可変域ではJN21、JN22にそれぞれ2タイプの変異がみられ、第1、第2可変域を合わせた全領域を比較すると4タイプの集団に分けることができた。日本海側に広域分布する集団が、長良川沿いに北から南に向けて分布域を拡大した可能性が考えられる。
論文 Hidaka Aetai,Kounosuke Tokita,Ryuuhei Kojima (2014) Morphological variations of the superior gluteal artery - cosidering based on observing the peripheral nervous systems -投稿予定) Anatomical Science Internatioal.
論文 Reiko T. Kono, Yingqi Zhang, Changzhu Jin, Masanaru Takai, Gen Suwa(2014) A 3-dimensional assessment of molar enamel thickness and distribution pattern in Gigantopithecus blacki Quaternary International 354:46-51. 謝辞あり
Takai M, Zhang Y, Kono RT, Jin C(2014) Changes in the composition of the Pleistocene primate fauna in southern China. Quaternary International 354:75-85.
Zhang Y, Kono RT, Wang W, Harrison T, Takai M, Ciochon RL, Jin C (2015) Evolutionary trend in dental size in Gigantopithecus blacki revisited. Journal of Human Evolution 83:91-100. 謝辞あり
Zhang Y, Jin C, Kono RT, Harrison T, Wang W.(2016) A fourth mandible and associated dental remains of Gigantopithecus blacki from the Early Pleistocene Yanliang Cave, Fusui, Guangxi, South China. Historical Biology 28:95-104.
河野礼子・張穎奇・金昌柱・高井正成・王?・Terry Harrison ギガントピテクス臼歯サイズの時代変化(2014年11月1日) 第68回日本人類学会大会(浜松).
Kono RT, Zhang Y, Jin C, Takai M, Wang W, Harrison T Size trend of the Gigantopithecus blacki tooth fossils from the Pleistocene cave deposits in southern China.(2014年10月23日) International Symposium on Paleoanthropology in Commemoration of the 85th Anniversary of the Discovery of the First Skull of Peking Man(Beijing,China).
Kono RT, Zhang Y, Jin C, Takai M, Wang W, Harrison T Size trend of the large hominoid tooth fossils from the Pleistocene cave deposits in southern China.(2014年8月15日) International Primatological Society XXV Congress(Hanoi, Vietnam).
Morphological correlates of a behavioral propensity for tool use in primates: a comparative macaque model.
Morphological correlates of a behavioral propensity for tool use in primates: a comparative macaque model.
Charmalie AD Nahallage
Previous research has analyzed the dimensions of the metacarpal of chimpanzees, Olduvan hominids and humans to make a case for determining the dexterity of fossil hominids. Our study attempts to extend this comparative focus to monkey species with known propensities for fine precision grip of objects. We chose the Japanese macaque based on our field studies of stone handling behavior, which demonstrate great manual dexterity in the manipulation of stones using grips similar to chimpanzees and humans. A total of 100 Japanese macaque metacarpals (50 males and 50 females) were selected from the Primate Research Institute’s skeletal collection. We measured the pollical metacarpal head breadth and the length of the pollical bone. While analysis is still underway, the index derived from the ratio of these measurements place the Japanese macaque well within the range of humans and chimpanzees with regards to dexterity. The next step is to obtain measurements from the metacarpal of capuchin monkeys, a Neo-tropical species also well known for its ability to use stone tools for the processing of hard nuts, similarly to chimpanzees in Western Africa.
H25-B54 代:一柳 健司 協:佐々木 裕之 協:福田 渓
霊長類におけるエピゲノム進化の解明
論文 Fukuda, K., Ichiyanagi, K., Yamada, Y., Go, Y., Udono, T., Wada, S., Maeda, T., Soejima, H., Saitou, N., Ito, T. & Sasaki, H.(2013) Regional DNA methylation differences between humans and chimpanzees are associated with genetic changes, transcriptional divergence and disease genes. J Hum Genet 58(7):446-454. 謝辞あり
我々は霊長類におけるゲノム進化とエピゲノム進化の関係を解明するため、ヒト、チンパンジー(霊長類研究所の飼育個体)、ゴリラおよびオランウータンの末梢白血球のDNAメチル化比較研究を行い、CTCFタンパク質の結合配列の出現・消失やマイクロサテライト配列の小さな変化によって、DNAメチル化状態が変化し、転写状態に影響を与えていることを世界で初めて示した(Fukuda et al. 2013, J. Human Genet.58:446-454)。 本年度はGAINよりニホンザル精子サンプルを供与頂き、ヒト、チンパンジー、ニホンザルの精子メチル化状態をゲノムワイドに比較解析した。興味深いことに、ヒト特異的に大きな低メチル化領域(数十kb以上)が多数出現していた。これらの領域は核膜結合領域に多く、コピー数多型などヒト集団内でのゲノム構造多型が見られる領域でもあった。一方、小さな領域(1kb以下)のメチル化変化については、CTCFなどの転写因子の結合配列変化に加え、SVAやAluといったレトロトランスポゾンの種特異的な挿入により、周辺のエピジェネティック状態が変化することを明らかにした。
論文 Bastir M, Garcia-Martinez D, Williams SA, Recheis W, Torres-Sanchez I, Rioe FG, Oishi M, Ogihara N(2017) 3D geometric morphometrics of thorax variation in Hominoidea Journal of Human Evolution 113:10-23. 謝辞あり
Oishi M, Ogihara N, Shimizu D, Kikuchi Y, Endo H, Une Y, Soeta S, Amasaki H, Ichihara N (2018) Multivariate analysis of variations in intrinsic foot musculature among hominoids Journal of Anatomy 232(5):812-823. 謝辞あり
ヒトのendothelial protein C receptor (EPCR)には膜結合型と分泌型の二種類が存在し、膜結合型EPCRは熱帯熱マラリア原虫の赤血球表面抗原PfEMP1のレセプターとして機能することが報告されている。EPCRの膜結合型と分泌型の産生量には個人差が存在し、EPCRをコードする、protein C receptor (PROCR)遺伝子の単一塩基多型rs867186のGアリルを保有すると分泌型の産生量が高く、Aアリルを保有すると低いことが知られている。共同研究により試料提供を受けた西チンパンジーの当該部位の配列解析から、Gアリルはヒトの系統で起きた突然変異であると考えられた(3匹の西チンパンジーは全てAアリルを保有していたため)。熱帯熱マラリアに感染した341名のタイ人重症マラリア患者と336名のタイ人軽症マラリア患者のrs867186遺伝子型を解析したところ、rs867186-GG保有者頻度が軽症マラリア患者群において統計学上有意に高く(P = 0.026)、派生型アリルGが重症マラリア抵抗性と関連していることが確認された。このことは、分泌型EPCRが感染赤血球表面上のPfEMP1に優先的に結合することが、膜結合型EPCRと感染赤血球との結合を阻害し、sequestrationを防ぐことにより重症化抵抗性を示すことを示唆している。次に、マラリア患者7名と西チンパンジー3匹について、PROCR遺伝子の全コード領域の配列決定を行った。ヒトとチンパンジーの配列比較を行ったが、ヒト系統のPROCR遺伝子に自然選択が作用した痕跡は検出されなかった。
論文 Fujita, Y., Otsuki, H., Watanabe, Y., Yasui, M., Kobayashi, T., Miura, T., and Igarashi, T.(2013) Generation of a replication-competent chimeric simian-human immunodeficiency virus carrying env from subtype C clinical isolate through intracellular homologous recombination. Virology 436:100-111.
Oue, M., Sakabe, S., Horiike, M., Yasui, M., Miura, T.(2013) No viral evolution in the lymph nodes of SIV-infected rhesus macaques during combined antiretroviral therapy. J. Virol. 87:4789-4793.
Matsuyama-Murata, M., Inaba, K., Horiuchi, R., Fukazawa, Y., Ibuki, K., Hayami, M., and Miura, T.(2013) Genetic similarity of circulating and small intestinal virus at the end stage of acute pathogenic simian-human immunodeficiency virus infection. Front. Microbiol. 4:204.
Otsuki, H., Hishiki, T., Miura, T., Hashimoto, C., Narumi, T., Tamamura, H., Yoshimura, K., Matsushita, S., and Igarashi, T.(2013) Generation of a replication-competent simianhuman immunodeficiency virus, the neutralisation sensitivity of which can be enhanced in the presence of a small molecule CD4 mimic. J. Gen. Virol. 94:2710-2716.
Factors underlying mouth versus hand-feeding among Koshima macaques
Factors underlying mouth versus hand-feeding among Koshima macaques
Cecile Sarabian
Hygiene - behaviors that maintain cleanliness - is universal among humans but remains a concern in epidemiology. Parasites, which impact health and biological fitness, are ubiquitous in nature and thrive in unsanitary conditions. Therefore, hygiene can be interpreted as an adaptive strategy to avoid infection. To address the biological basis for hygiene in humans, I developed an observational and experimental approach to test whether Japanese macaques of Koshima island (Macaca fuscata fuscata) display patterns of behavior consistent with Parasite Avoidance Theory. First, “hygienic” behaviors (e.g. rubbing or washing food) were recorded during focal observations of adult females (N=20). Second, I conducted field-experiments (N=33 trials) with females (N=14) and males (N=3) in which wheat was placed near fresh feces and plastic feces (condition 1) or on both feces plus a control (a piece of plastic notebook; condition 2). Preliminary results suggest that the performance of hygiene behaviors is positively associated with parasite richness. Experimental results remain unclear, but most individuals rejected wheat placed on fresh and plastic feces and all of them ingested wheat placed near them or on the control substrate. I am continuing this work at Koshima for my Master’s internship at the University of Strasbourg. I expect these results to improve understanding of behavioral mechanisms of parasite avoidance and evolutionary origins of human hygiene.
H25-B71 代:Carolyn Wang
"Parasites of the primates at the Endangered Primate Rescue Center, Cuc Phuong, Vietnam"
"Parasites of the primates at the Endangered Primate Rescue Center, Cuc Phuong, Vietnam"
Carolyn Wang
From Feb 3-21st 2014 I examined fecal samples collected by Andrew MacIntosh and Mike Huffman from the Endangered Primate Rescue Center in Vietnam. The goal of this brief study was to detect the presence of helminth eggs, and identify them if possible, in sample from hatinh langurs (Trachypithecus hatinhensis), red-shanked douc langurs (Pygathrix nemaeus), gibbons (Nomascus sp.), and Delacour’s langurs (Trachypithecus delacouri). All samples were processed using (1) sedimentation via a formalin-ethyl-acetate procedure and (2) flotation via Sheather’s solution. Slides from the samples were then scanned using light microscopy. I was able to identify Trichuris sp. eggs in samples from all four primate species, and Strongylid and Strongyloides sp. in the P. namaeus samples. There were also a number of as yet unidentified specimens from all samples which were photographed for future identification.
H25-B72 代:Jan Gogarten
Does parasite removal affect fractal complexity in vervet (Chlorocebus pygerythrus) behavior?
Does parasite removal affect fractal complexity in vervet (Chlorocebus pygerythrus) behavior?
Jan Gogarten
During my 2014 Cooperative Research Program I had hoped analyze data collected from wild vervet monkeys, but that field season was cancelled. Instead, I spent most of my time at PRI analyzing a data set given to Dr. MacIntosh by Dr. Sarah Turner of McGill University who has worked extensively with the Japanese macaques at Awajishima. Our aim was to characterize the scaling in behavioral organization of normally-developed macaques versus macaques with congenital limb malformations. However, because of a number of methodological considerations, including short sequence lengths (30 minutes) and considerable out of sight time, it remains unclear whether these data lend themselves appropriately to fractal analysis. Still, they provided a valuable opportunity to discern limitations in this research field and practice programming of analyses for future projects assessing the impacts of disease on wild primate behavior. I hope to continue working with these data and produce results that can be published in the coming months. In addition, the methods and ideas generated while at the PRI will be applied to my dissertation research and allow me to analyze data collected in the Ivory Coast and Uganda to understand drivers of primate disease dynamics and health.
H25-B73 代:Yan Ropert-Coudert 協:Akiko Kato
Methods for bio-logging primates
Methods for bio-logging primates
Yan Ropert-Coudert , Akiko Kato
On 2nd August 2013, collars with iGotU® GPS devices and Axy-2® accelerometers were attached to two male Japanese macaques (id’s: N118, N128) from the outdoor-enclosed Group 7 at the Research Resource Station (RRS) of the Kyoto University Primate Research Institute (KUPRI). The macaques were baited into the holding pen, transferred into individual cages and anaesthetized by trained veterinary staff to minimize stress during collar attachment. Both males were monitored in their individual cages for signs of distress. Some attention was paid by each to the newly-added collars as the anaesthetic wore off, but neither reacted strongly to their presence. After ca. 3 hours, the animals were released into their outdoor enclosure. GPS devices collected data at 4-minute intervals for 9 and 12 days, respectively. Accelerometers only collected data (at 25Hz) for ca. 3 days due to water damage to the batteries caused by heavy rains. In addition, video data recordings were made of each male around the feeding grounds on 5 days post deployment to validate accelerometer readings. We are currently in the process of analyzing these data to inform future studies wishing to investigate primate behavior through high-resolution automatic data logging techniques.
H25-B74 代:Elodie Thomas
Parasite removal and physiological stress in Japanese macaques of Koshima?
Parasite removal and physiological stress in Japanese macaques of Koshima
Elodie Thomas
Nematodes are among the most prevalent intestinal parasites around the world. The scientific understanding of nematode parasitism is well documented but remains incomplete, especially concerning parasite life cycles in wildlife and impacts on host immune systems. Generally, studies consider that negative conditions of the host, e.g. stress, tend to promote infection. However, few studies tested the relationship in the opposite direction: that intensity of infection might increase host stress. Our study used an experimental approach to better understand host-parasite relations in wild conditions. To do this, we studied Koshima Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) because they are free-ranging yet can be experimentally manipulated. We examined 20 adult females in two groups: control and treated with anthelminthic medicines (Drontal Plus® and Stromectol®). We focused on four parasite species: Oesophagostomum aculeatum, Trichuris trichuria, Streptopharagus pigmentatus and Strongyloides fuelleborni. We used non-invasive methods to estimate the infection intensity, eggs per gram of feces (EPG) via microscopy and to evaluate the stress levels via ELISA analysis of fecal glucocorticoid metabolites. Our results show that anthelmintic treatment reduces parasite richness and intensity of 3/4 parasite species. However, there was no relationship between treatment and fecal glucocorticoids, indicating that factors other than parasite infection drive stress dynamics.
H25-B75 代:Guilhem VAISSIERE
Does parasite infection affect Japanese macaque behavior and body condition?
Does parasite infection affect Japanese macaque behavior and body condition?
Guilhem VAISSIERE
Nematodes are parasites found everywhere around the world on both domestic and wild animals and they are the cause of numerous deaths. The parasites of Japanese macaques over the archipelago are well known thanks to previous studies. A previous study on Koshima identified four of these nematodes on the islet monkeys: Oesophagostomum aculeatum, Strongyloides fuelleborni, Streptopharagus pigmentatus and Trichuris trichiura. This study was originally designed to measure effects of infection on macaques, but changed to examining the summer reinfection period instead, which should give clear indication of variation in health risks across individuals. From June 6th 2013 to August 16th 2013, I collected 97 fecal samples from 20 adult female macaques, 10 control and 10 treated by Dr. Andrew MacIntosh with common anthelmintics to remove parasites (last treatment before current study: May 2013). Linear mixed-effect models where used to test the efficiency of the treatment to reduce both prevalence and intensity of the infection. The same models were also use to assess the reinfection process during summer. Treatment was effective against most parasite species. However, variation in reinfection across macaques was unclear, possibly because of interactive effects between parasites which were observed in some cases. More data will be required to assess health risks of infection.
本研究の目的は、ニホンザルの中手骨および中足骨の形態と運動機能との関連を調べることであった。霊長類研究所に所蔵されている20個体分の骨標本について、レーザースキャナ(DAVID Laserscanner)を用いて三次元モデルを作成し、このモデルから骨幹中央部のtotal subperiosteal area (TA)を算出した。TAは、材料の断面強度の指標の一つである断面2次極モーメントと強い相関があることが知られている。第1~5中手骨をTAの大きい順に並べると1>3>4>2>5であった。第1~5中足骨をTAの大きい順に並べると1>3>2>4>5であった。TAと歩行時に中手骨および中足骨にかかる荷重の大きさとの関係を調べたところ、対応関係は部分的であった。この結果から、ニホンザルの中手骨と中足骨の形態は歩行よりもさらに大きな荷重のかかるロコモーション様式とも関係している可能性や、把握などのロコモーション以外の運動機能とも関連している可能性が示唆された。また、以上の研究で使用した骨標本の中の4個体分についてCT撮像をおこない、従前より知られているTAと断面2次極モーメントとの強い相関がニホンザルの中手骨と中足骨でも認められるのかどうかをたしかめた。
Kota Katayama, Daiki Kawata, Hiroo Imai, Akimori Wada, Hideki Kandori. FTIR study of mutants of primate color visual pigments(August 25-30th 2013) Seventh International Conference on Advanced Vibrational Spectroscopy(Kobe, Japan).
Kota Katayama, Daiki Kawata, Hiroo Imai, Akimori Wada, Hideki Kandori. FTIR study of mutants of primate color visual pigments(October 28-30th 2013) The 51st Annual Meeting of the Biophysical Society of Japan(Early Research in Biophysical Award)(Kyoto, Japan).
Tomoaki Ohashi, Kota Katayama, Masayo Iwaki, Kei Tsutsui, Hiroo Imai, Hideki Kandori ATR-FTIR study of human bitter taste receptor(October 28-30th 2013) The 51st Annual Meeting of the Biophysical Society of Japan(Kyoto, Japan).
How many distinct molecular paths lead to the same phenotype? One approach to this question has been to examine the genetic basis of convergent traits, which likely evolved repeatedly under a shared selective pressure. We investigated the convergent phenotype of blue iris pigmentation, which has arisen independently in four primate lineages: humans, blue-eyed black lemurs, Japanese macaques, and spider monkeys. Characterizing the phenotype across these species, we found that the variation within the blue-eyed subsets of each species occupies strongly overlapping regions of CIE L*a*b* color space. Yet whereas Japanese macaques and humans display continuous variation, the phenotypes of blue-eyed black lemurs and their sister species (whose irises are brown) occupy more clustered subspaces. Variation in an enhancer of OCA2 is primarily responsible for the phenotypic difference between humans with blue and brown irises. In the orthologous region, we found no variant that distinguishes the two lemur species or associates with quantitative phenotypic variation in Japanese macaques. Given the high similarity between the blue iris phenotypes in these species and that in humans, this finding implies that evolution has used different molecular paths to reach the same end.
昨年度に引き続き、マハレ山塊M集団のチンパンジーの長期資料を整理し、アルファ雄の行動や肉分配に関するデータベース作成を進めた。1991年以降のべ8頭のアルファ雄が在位したが、アルファ雄が肉分配の役割を担うという傾向に変化はない。この役割はアルファ雄自身が主導して奪取するものなのか、それとも、周囲個体の(肉の所有に対する)抑制あるいは委託によるものなのか。この問いに答えるため、(1)アルファ雄の政治的利益、(2)分配者―被分配者の互恵性に基づく協力行動、(3)被分配者による分配者の社会的操作、という3つの仮説に照らして検証するための資料整理を行っている。過去20年あまり複数の野生チンパンジー調査地で進んだ肉分配の研究は、これらの仮説を対立的に捉え、一つの要因のみを主張しようとするきらいがあった。しかし、Silk et al.(2013)が飼育下のチンパンジー対象の実験で示したように、チンパンジーはこれらすべての動機を追究しており、個体や状況によって重点の置き方が異なるだけであるのかもしれない。このような柔軟な発想に基づく分析を可能にするため、とくに社会行動と肉分配との関係を明らかにする資料整理と分析を今度の課題としていきたい。
学会発表 Zachary Yu-Ching Lin, Masanori Imamura, Takamasa Hirano, Eiji Matsunaga, Miki Taoka, Hiroo Imai, Hirotaka James Okano, Atsushi Iriki, Mikiko C. Siomi, Haruhiko Siomi, Erika Sasaki, Hirohisa Hirai and Hideyuki Okano Developmental dynamic and culture of testicular germ cell in common marmoset Callithrix jacchus(12/3/2013) The 36th Annual Meeting of the Molecular Biology Society of Japan(Kobe, Japan).
Zachary Yu-Ching Lin, Masanori Imamura, Takamasa Hirano, Eiji Matsunaga, Miki Taoka, Hiroo Imai, Hirotaka James Okano, Atsushi Iriki, Mikiko C. Siomi, Haruhiko Siomi, Erika Sasaki, Hirohisa Hirai and Hideyuki Okano Molecular signatures and culture of testicular germ cells in common marmoset Callithrix jacchus(06/12/2013) International Society for Stem Cell Research (11th Annual Meeting)(Boston, USA).
Zachary Yu-Ching Lin, Masanori Imamura, Takamasa Hirano, Eiji Matsunaga, Miki Taoka, Hiroo Imai, Hirotaka James Okano, Atsushi Iriki, Mikiko C. Siomi, Haruhiko Siomi, Erika Sasaki, Hirohisa Hirai and Hideyuki Okano Molecular signatures and culture of testicular germ cells in common marmoset Callithrix jacchus(05/17/2013) The 11th Stem cell Research Symposium(Tokyo, Japan).
Zachary Yu-Ching Lin, Masanori Imamura, Takamasa Hirano, Eiji Matsunaga, Miki Taoka, Hiroo Imai, Hirotaka James Okano, Atsushi Iriki, Mikiko C. Siomi, Haruhiko Siomi, Erika Sasaki, Hirohisa Hirai and Hideyuki Okano Molecular signatures and culture of testicular germ cells in common marmoset Callithrix jacchus(02/20/2013) The 2nd Annual Meeting of Japan Society of Marmoset Research(Tokyo, Japan).
論文 Shimozawa N., Ono R., Shimada M., Shibata H., Takahashi I., Inada H., Takada T., Nosaka T., Yasutomi Y.(3013) Cynomolgus monkey induced pluripotent stem cells established by using exogenous genes derived from the same monkey species Differentiation 85:131-139.
論文 Kosuke Itoh, Masafumi Nejime, Naho Konoike, Tsutomu Nakada, Katsuki Nakamura(2015) Noninvasive scalp recording of cortical auditory evoked potentials in the alert macaque monkey Hearing Research 327:117-125. 謝辞The work was supported by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology (Japan), JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number 25540052, and the Cooperative Research Program of the Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University.
論文 Y. Matsushita, H. Oota, B.J. Welker, M.S. Pavelka, S. Kawamura*(2014) Color Vision Variation as Evidenced by Hybrid L/M Opsin Genes in Wild Populations of Trichromatic Alouatta New World Monkeys. International Journal of Primatology 35:71-87.
学会発表 A. Sato, F. Campos, H.Oota, K. Jack, A. Di Fiore, F. Aureli, L. Fedigan, S.Kawamura Genetic Variation in Wild Capuchins and Spider Monkeys in Costa Rica: Implications for Dispersal Patterns(Jul. 26 - 30, 2011) The Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution, Annual Meeting(Kyoto, Japan).
論文 Uesaka M, Nishimura O, Go Y, Nakashima K, Agata K, Imamura T.( 2014) Bidirectional promoters are the major source of gene activation-associated non-coding RNAs in mammals. BMC Genomics 15( 35): 35.
Fukuda K, Ichiyanagi K, Yamada Y, Go Y, Udono T, Wada S, Maeda T, Soejima H, Saitou N, Ito T, Sasaki H. (2013) Regional DNA methylation differences between humans and chimpanzees are associated with genetic changes, transcriptional divergence and disease genes. J. Hum Genet. 58(7):446-454. 謝辞あり
Gonda S, Matsumura S, Saito S, Go Y, Imai H.(2013) Expression of taste signal transduction molecules in the caecum of common marmosets. Biol Lett. 9(4):20130409. 謝辞あり
Yasuhiro Go Deep Exome Sequencing in Macaque Monkeys for the Establishment of Primate Cognitive and Psychiatric Disease Model(2013年6月13日) The 24th CDB meeting Genomics and Epigenomics with Deep Sequencing(神戸).
Yasuhiro Go Spatiotemporal gene expression trajectory in the human and non-human ape brains(2013年9月6-9日) Cold Spring Harbor Symposium(Cold Spring Harbor, US).
Yasuhiro Go Spatiotemporal gene expression trajectory in the human and non-human ape brains(2013年9月4-5日) NGS現場の会 第3回研究会(神戸).
H25-E29 代:Philipp Khaitovich 協:Masahiro Sugimoto 協:Yasuhiro Go
Metabolome and lipidome signatures of the human brain
Metabolome and lipidome signatures of the human brain
Philipp Khaitovich , Masahiro Sugimoto, Yasuhiro Go
In this project, we plan to obtain a lipidome and metabolome features of human brain as compared to the brain of closely related primate species. We plan to measure the metabolite and lipid concentration levels in eight different brain regions of humans and five non-human primate species (chimpanzee, gorilla, orangutan, gibbon, macaque). The comparison among these species will allow us to identify the human-specific metabolic features of the brain and detect functional changes that evolved on the human lineage. Further, the identified metabolome and lipidome composition differences among species and brain regions will provide us insights into general metabolic characteristics of human brain that underlie the unique human cognition, as well as make it susceptible to neurological disorders common in humans. In 2013, we obtained one orangutan brain sample and dissected it into eight regions. We will perform lipidome and metabolome analysis of these samples at Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University. We also aim to obtain more non-human primate brain samples in the next year.
Figure 1. Lipidome composition of human tissues. Shown are results of a pilot experiment measuring approximately 5,000 lipid compounds in three brain regions, prefrontal cortex (PFC), primary visual cortex (V1) and cerebellar cortex (CBC), as well as two non-neural tissues, skeletal muscle and kidney. The results show distinct lipidome composition of the human brain, as well as substantial differences in lipidome composition among three brain regions.