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Rethinking Social Issues of Crop-feeding by Japanese Monkeys from Future Prospects of an Agri-community
Nishimeya Village (246.6km2) in Aomori Prefecture is one of depopulated agri-communities, located in the northeastern Shirakami Mountains, the northernmost Honshu, Japan. In this village, Japanese monkeys (Macaca fuscata) have damaged apples of principal crops there since the 1980s. The village office implemented a project of monkey-driving inviting urban volunteers, named ¡ÈNishimeya-village Animal Patrol (NAP)¡É. It implemented between August to November, growing and harvesting season of apples, in 2002 and 2003. The NAP has two purposes; 1) to protect crops against the monkeys, 2) to satisfy volunteers who desired to enjoy agri- and eco-tourism in Shirakami area, surrounded by the scenic forest, which was designated as the World Heritage. This study intends to analyze the effect of the NAP, considering 1) ecological influence of the monkey-driving on the troops and 2) social appraisals of the NAP by the villagers and volunteers. Consequently, the monkey-driving compelled their range to enlarge from 2.6km2 in 2001 (before the NAP) to 9.3km2 in 2002 (first season of it), 13.2km2 in 2003 (second season of it), using the 90% contour of fixed kernel method. This range expansion resulted in a decline of apple damage from 6.6 million yen in 2001 to 132 thousand yen in 2002, 110 thousand yen in 2003. This result was appraised by 83.0% in 2002 and 79.2% in 2003 of the villagers (questionnaire surveys; n=53 for 2002, n=53 for 2003). In addition, the volunteers highly approved the NAP as the tourism, provided them with comfortable farm-life in nature with plenty of wildlife. Regardless of high approvals by both villagers and volunteers, it is difficult to expect that the NAP persists in the years ahead because 74.2% of the farmers intend to retire from farmwork in the near future (n=56); therefore, the NAP may temporarily perform ¡Èsocial welfare¡É for the aged farmers.
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EFFECTS OF FOOD CONDITIONS AND SOCIAL FACTERS ON FOOD PATCH USE IN JAPANESE MACAQUES
Most primate species use patchy-distributed food resources. Many patch models have been developed by assuming that animals respond only to food conditions including patch size, quality and inter-patch distance, which define their foraging efficiency. However, actual patch uses in several primate species do not follow these models. Most primate species form groups with strong social bonds. Social effects must play important roles on their patch uses, and should be considered along with food conditions. We quantified effects of food conditions, number of individuals in the food patch and social rank on patch uses in Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata).
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