事業報告
事業番号17-006（共同研究）
セイントアンドルーズ国際大会「動物社会学習」
報告者：ハフマン マイケル
期間：２００５年６月１５日-６月１８日
動物社会学習に関する国際会議（St. Andrews
International Conference on Animal Social Learning）が6月15日から6月18日まで、スコットランド・セイントアンドルーズ大学にて開催された。本大会は、現在注目を浴びている動物の社会学習や文化的行動、コミュニケション等について、その現状および将来の課題について情報交換の目的で開催された。主催者は同大学、認知進化学・社会学習研究センターの教授たち、Kevin
Laland、 Andy WhitenとVincent Janikである。
幅広く動物行動学や心理学を代表する研究者たちが集まり、アリ、魚、鳥や像から霊長類まで社会学習に関する数々の研究が紹介された。「社会学習研究に関する概念」、「行動から推理する心理的機構」、「社会学習における生態学的観点」、「動物の伝統的行動と文化」、動物のコミュニケーションにおける社会学習」、「観察学習とテェチング」６のテーマによってセッションが分かれ、99演題があった。この演題を含む各セッションの代表するシニア研究者（Jeff
Galef, Gyorgy Gergely, Louis Lefebvre, Carel van Schaik, Christophe Boesch,
Michael Beecher, Cecilia Heyes）によるプレナリー講演があった。毎晩、会場に参加者が残りポスターを囲んで論議が盛り上がった。
派遣者の発表は、霊研大学生のナハラッゲ、チャーマリ（M2）等とのニホンザルにおける文化的行動「石遊び」の獲得、発達と伝承研究に関するポスター発表２件と伊日共同研究によって進めている野生チンパンジーの自己治療行動獲得における学習の役割についての報告を行った。
口頭発表
The role of social learning in the acquisition and transmission of
leaf-swallowing behavior, a self-medicative behavior in chimpanzees.
1 HUFFMAN, Michael. A., 2 SPIEZIO, Catrina. 3 SGARAVATTI, Andrea. 4
HIRATA, Satoshi 5 GRASSI, D.
1) Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan e-mail:
Huffman@pri.kyoto-u.ac.jp, 2) Cognitive Neuroscience Sector, ISAS-SISSA,
Trieste, Italy, 3 Department of Psychology, University of Trieste,
Italy, 4 Great Ape Research Institute, Tamano, Okayama, Japan, 5 Parco
Natura Viva Garda Zoological Park, Verona, Italy
Various lines of evidence have led to the hypothesis that whole
leaf-swallowing behavior (WLSB), a well-documented self-medicative
behavior of great apes, is acquired in part by social learning and
culturally transmitted across generations. Details of this process
remain elusive however, as it is difficult to follow the actual
acquisition by individuals under natural conditions. To help test this
hypothesis, we carried out an experimental study on 3 WLSB naive captive
groups of healthy chimpanzees of different social composition (adult
males + females; adult male + adult females + young; adult males only)
to investigate the modes and pathways of acquisition and diffusion. It
was established that this behavioral response is elicited in captivity
by healthy individuals, as a consequence of the physical properties of
the leaves, and not innately as a response to illness. In all three
groups, WLSB was acquired by at least one individual spontaneously, but
all individuals of any one group did not acquire it. Acquisition was
closely tied to whether or not close observation of a conspecific WLSB
'model' occurred during test sessions. The pathways and degree of
diffusion varied from group to group, but each case was strongly
influenced by such characteristics as their respective social networks
and the social status of the first individual to handle the test
stimuli.
ポスター
１
Development, acquisition and diffusion of stone handling behaviors
among a Japanese macaque colony
NAHALLAGE Charmalie & HUFFMAN Michael A., Section of Ecology,
Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi, Japan.
E-mail : nahallag@pri.kyoto-u.ac.jp
Stone handling (SH), a behavioral tradition has been documented in
detail in two free- ranging troops of Japanese macaques and is known to
occur in at least nine free-ranging and five captive troops across
Japan. However, few systematic attempts have been made to elucidate the
acquisition process of this behavior in young individuals to quantifying
the relative influence of the mother, siblings and other troop members.
We conducted an 18-month study of a captive troop in the Primate
Research Institute. 878 hours of focal observations, distributed equally
across all seasons and times of the day, among all individuals were
collected. In this troop SH appears to have reached the tradition phase
and is transmitted across generations. Infants of frequent SH mothers
(1.3-2.3 bouts/hour) start the behavior significantly earlier than
infants of occasional (0.2 - 0.8 bouts/hour) and rare (0.9 - 0.18
bouts/hour) SH mothers. Infants of non SH mothers were the last to
acquire it among peers. Frequent SH mothers share many similar
behavioral patterns with their offspring. While rare SH mothers share
less patterns, than older siblings do, with their infants. These results
help demonstrate a clear role for social learning in the acquisition and
transmission of SH behavior.
２
Stone handling as a behavioral tradition: a comparative study in 10
troops of Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata).
Michael HUFFMAN1, Jean-Baptiste LECA1, Noelle GUNST2, and Charmalie
NAHALLAGE1,
1: Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan.
2: Department of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, USA.
Stone handling consists for an individual of manipulating stones by
performing various behavioral patterns. Previous findings from the
Arashiyama and Takasakiyama populations suggest that stone handling is a
behavioral tradition for these groups. Here we present more systematic
investigations of this behavior from a wider variety of troops as a
beginning to better understand the context of occurrence and its
possible function. The objective of this report is to investigate the
roles of demographic, social, behavioral, and ecological factors
influencing the diffusion and maintenance of stone handling in Japanese
macaques. A comparative study was conducted in 10 troops within Japan: 4
captive groups (Inuyama) and 6 free-ranging provisioned populations at
Arashiyama, Koshima, Shodoshima, and Takasakiyama. The same observation
procedure were used: video-recorded focal sampling interspersed with
group activity scan sampling. Our goals are: 1) to provide a
comprehensive descriptive inter-group comparison of the form and
diffusion rate of stone handling according
to socio-demographic factors (group size, group composition and
group cohesion) as well as ecological factors (stone availability,
season); 2) to test stone handling as a socially induced behaviour; 3)
to investigate the maintenance of stone handling in two long-term
studied troops at Arashiyama and Takasakiyama.
Participants relaxing
Prof. Susan Perry and Charmalie Nahallage
HOPE Project< >
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